2025-06-28 11:16:14 +02:00
94 changed files with 2220 additions and 6383 deletions
--- a/.editorconfig
+++ b/.editorconfig
@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
 root = true
 [*]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 4
 insert_final_newline = true
 trim_trailing_whitespace = true
 end_of_line = lf
 charset = utf-8
 max_line_length = 88
 [*.{yml,yaml,json,js,css,html}]
 indent_size = 2
 [*.{md,rst}]
 trim_trailing_whitespace = false
--- a/.github/workflows/pythonapp.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pythonapp.yaml
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
 name: Python application
 on: [push]
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    strategy:
      matrix:
        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11", "3.12"]
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v1
    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
      uses: actions/setup-python@v2
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        pip install poetry
        poetry install --with dev
    - name: Lint with flake8
      run: |
        # stop the build if there are Python syntax errors or undefined names
        poetry run flake8 stegano --count --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source --statistics
        # exit-zero treats all errors as warnings. The GitHub editor is 127 chars wide
        poetry run flake8 stegano --count --max-complexity=18 --ignore=E203 --max-line-length=127 --statistics
    - name: Test with pytest
      run: |
        poetry run nose2 -v --pretty-assert
      env:
        testing: actions
    # - name: Type check with mypy
    #   run: |
    #     poetry run mypy .
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
 on:
  release:
    types:
      - published
 name: release
 jobs:
  pypi-publish:
    name: Upload release to PyPI
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    environment:
      name: pypi
      url: https://pypi.org/p/Stegano
    permissions:
      id-token: write  # IMPORTANT: this permission is mandatory for trusted publishing
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Install Poetry
        run: python -m pip install --upgrade pip poetry
      - name: Build artifacts
        run: poetry build
      - name: Publish package distributions to PyPI
        uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
 # use glob syntax
 syntax: glob
 *.elc
 *.pyc
 *~
 *.db
 # Virtualenv
 venv
 build
 # setuptools
 build/*
 stegano.egg-info/
 dist/*
 # tests
 .coverage
 .mypy_cache/
 .cache/
 # sphinx
 docs/_build
 # Emacs
 eproject.cfg
 # Temporary files (vim backups)
 *.swp
 .idea/
 # Log files:
 *.log
 # Vagrant:
 .vagrant/
--- a/.hgignore
+++ b/.hgignore
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
 # use glob syntax
 syntax: glob
 *.elc
 *.pyc
 *~
 *.png
 *.db
 # Temporary files (vim backups)
 *.swp
 build/*
 Stegano.egg-info/*
 dist/*
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
 ci:
  autoupdate_schedule: monthly
 repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
    rev: v3.3.1
    hooks:
      - id: pyupgrade
        args: ["--py37-plus"]
  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
    rev: 5.12.0
    hooks:
      - id: isort
  - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
    rev: 22.3.0
    hooks:
      - id: black
  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
    rev: 6.1.0
    hooks:
      - id: flake8
        additional_dependencies:
          - flake8-bugbear
          - flake8-implicit-str-concat
        args: ["--max-line-length=125", "--ignore=E203"]
  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
    rev: v4.1.0
    hooks:
      - id: fix-byte-order-marker
      - id: trailing-whitespace
        exclude: .md
      - id: end-of-file-fixer
        exclude: tests/.*
  - repo: https://github.com/pypa/pip-audit
    rev: v2.9.0
    hooks:
      -   id: pip-audit
--- a/.readthedocs.yaml
+++ b/.readthedocs.yaml
@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
 # .readthedocs.yaml
 # Read the Docs configuration file
 # See https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html for details
 # Required
 version: 2
 # Set the version of Python and other tools you might need
 build:
  os: ubuntu-22.04
  tools:
    python: "3.11"
 # Build documentation in the docs/ directory with Sphinx
 sphinx:
  configuration: docs/conf.py
 # We recommend specifying your dependencies to enable reproducible builds:
 # https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/guides/reproducible-builds.html
 python:
  install:
  - requirements: docs/requirements.txt
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@ -1,349 +1,14 @@
-## Release History
+===============
 Release History
 ===============
-### 2.0.0 (2025-06-22)
+0.4.3 (2015-10-06)
 ------------------
- Added functions for hiding/revealing messages in PCM encoded .wav files.
+* bug fixes for Python 3;
-  ([#54](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/pull/54))
+* bug fixes in the scripts installed in */usr/local/bin*.
 - Improved typing.
 - Updated dependencies.
 0.4.2 (2015-10-05)
 ------------------
-### 1.0.1 (2025-05-03)
+* first stable release on PypI.
 - Improved the packaging configuration for the command line (stegano.console).
 ### 1.0.0 (2025-04-26)
 - Updated dependencies.
 - Improved the packaging configuration.
 - Fixed typing errors.
 ### 0.11.5 (2025-02-13)
 - Updated dependencies.
 - Aligned pyproject.toml with the standard specification.
 - Publishing to PyPI using a Trusted Publisher.
 ### 0.11.4 (2024-09-07)
 - Added a parameter, close_file, to lsb.reveal in order to
  specify if the file must be closed at the end of the processing.
 ### 0.11.3 (2024-01-02)
 - Stegano now supports Python 3.12. Support of Python 3.8 has been removed.
 ### 0.11.2 (2023-05-23)
 - improved typing of various functions;
 - updated dependencies.
 ### 0.11.1 (2022-11-20)
 - Fixed a bug in the command line when no sub-command is specified.
 ### 0.11.0 (2022-11-20)
 - Reduced memory footprint and processing speed,
  the modules ``lsb`` and ``lsbset`` have been merged
  ([PR #34](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/pull/34)).
 ### 0.10.2 (2022-01-13)
 - Stegano now uses Pillow 9.0.0 (CVE-2022-22815).
 ### 0.10.1 (2021-11-30)
 - Stegano now uses OpenCV Python 4.5.4 abd Numpy 1.21.4.
 ### 0.10.0 (2021-11-29)
 - new: Implemented Shi-Tomashi corner generator
  ([PR #32](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/pull/32)).
  Implemented by thundersparkf (see CONTRIBUTORS.md file).
 ### 0.9.9 (2021-07-02)
 - Stegano now uses Pillow 8.3.0.
 ### 0.9.8 (2019-12-20)
 - Stegano is now using poetry;
 - minor improvements to the command line.
 ### 0.9.7 (2019-10-27)
 - fixed markdown of the previous release.
 ### 0.9.6 (2019-10-27)
 - fixed markdown of the previous release;
 ### 0.9.5 (2019-10-27)
 - updated dependencies;
 - home page of the project is now: https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 ### 0.9.4 (2019-06-05)
 - new: Implemented LFSR generator (with tests and CLI)
  ([PR #27](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/pull/27))
 - new: Implemented Ackermann generators CLI interface
  ([PR #26](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/pull/26))
 - new: The Ackermann functions are not actual generators
  ([#24](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/issues/24))
 - new: add a shift parameter for the lsbmodule
  ([#25](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/issues/25))
 - fix: lsbset.hide cause .png transparent area lost
  ([#23](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/issues/23))
 ### 0.9.3 (2019-04-10)
 - it is now possible to either pass the location of an image or directly pass
  an already opened Image.Image to the hide and reveal methods;
 - code re-formatted a bit with black.
 ### 0.9.2 (2019-04-04)
 - updated Pillow dependency to version 6.0.0 in order to fix a bug when opening
  some PNG files (https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/issues/3557).
 ### 0.9.1 (2019-03-06)
 - updated Pillow dependency in order to fix a bug when opening some PNG files.
 ### 0.9.0 (2018-12-18)
 - added the possibility to shift the encoded bits when using the lsbset module.
 ### 0.8.6 (2018-11-05)
 - fixed a potential security issue related to CVE-2018-18074.
 ### 0.8.5 (2018-04-18)
 - Fixed an encoding problem which occured on Windows during the installation
  of the module.
 ### 0.8.4 (2018-02-28)
 - Stegano is ready for use with pipenv and pipsi.
 ### 0.8.3 (2018-02-23)
 - the recommended way to install Stegano is now to use pipenv.
 ### 0.8.2 (2017-12-20)
 - Fixed a bug with the new 'encoding' function when using Stegano as a command
  line tool. No default value was set. Default value is UTF-8.
 ### 0.8.1 (2017-05-16)
 - it is now possible to specify the encoding (UTF-8 or UTF-32LE) of the message
  to hide/reveal through the command line;
 - the help of the command line now displays the available choices for the
  arguments, if it is necessary (list of available encodings, list of available
  generators);
 - tests expected results lies now in a dedicated folder;
 - a script has been added in order to get proper exit code check for mypy.
 ### 0.8 (2017-05-06)
 - updated command line. All commands are now prefixed with *stegano-*;
 - improved type hints;
 - it is possible to load and save images from and to file objects (BytesIO);
 - improved checks when revealing a message with the lsbset module fails.
 ### 0.7.1 (2017-05-05)
 - improved generators for the lsb-set module;
 - improved tests for the generators;
 - improved type hints.
 ### 0.7 (2017-05-04)
 - unicode is now supported. By default UTF-8 encoding is used. UTF-32LE can also
  be used to hide non-ASCII characters. UTF-8 (8 bits) is the default choice
  since it is possible to hide longer messages with it.
 - improved checks with type hints.
 ### 0.6.9 (2017-03-10)
 - introduces some type hints (PEP 484);
 - more tests for the generators and for the tools module;
 - updated descriptions of generators;
 - fixed a bug with a generator that has been previously renamed.
 ### 0.6.8 (2017-03-08)
 - bugfix: fixed #12: Error when revealing a hidden binary file in an image.
 ### 0.6.7 (2017-02-21)
 - bugfix: added missing dependency in the setup.py file.
 ### 0.6.6 (2017-02-20)
 - improved docstrings for the desciption of the generators;
 - improved the command which displays the list of generators.
 ### 0.6.5 (2017-02-16)
 - added a command to list all available generators for the lsb-set module;
 - test when the data image is coming via byte stream, for the lsb module.
 ### 0.6.4 (2017-02-06)
 - a command line for the 'red' module has been added;
 - bugfix: fixed a bug in the lsb-set command line when the generator wasn't
  specified by the user.
 ### 0.6.3 (2017-01-29)
 - Support for transparent PNG images has been added (lsb and lsbset modules).
 ### 0.6.2 (2017-01-19)
 - bugfix: solved a bug when the image data is coming via byte streams (ByteIO),
  for the exifHeader hiding method.
 ### 0.6.1 (2016-08-25)
 - reorganization of the steganalysis sub-module.
 ### 0.6 (2016-08-04)
 - improvements of the command line of Stéganô. The use of Stéganô through the
  command line has slightly changed ('hide' and 'reveal' are now sub-parameters
  of the command line). No changes if you use Stéganô as a module in your
  software. The documentation has been updated accordingly.
 ### 0.5.5 (2016-08-03)
 - bugfix: Incorrect padding size in `base642string` in tools.base642binary().
 ### 0.5.4 (2016-05-22)
 - the generator provided to the functions lsbset.hide() and lsbset.reveal() is
  now a function. This is more convenient for a user who wants to use a custom
  generator (not in the module lsbset.generators).
 - performance improvements for the lsb and lsbset modules.
 ### 0.5.3 (2016-05-19)
 - reorganization of all modules. No impact for the users of Stegano.
 ### 0.5.2 (2016-05-18)
 - improvements and bug fixes for the exifHeader module;
 - added unit tests for the exifHeader module;
 - improvements of the documentation.
 ### 0.5.1 (2016-04-16)
 - minor improvements and bug fixes;
 - added unit tests for the slsb and slsbset modules.
 ### 0.5 (2016-03-18)
 - management of greyscale images.
 ### 0.4.6 (2016-03-12)
 - bugfix when the length of the message to hide is not divisible by 3,
  for the slsb and slsbset module.
 ### 0.4.5 (2015-12-23)
 - bugfix.
 ### 0.4.4 (2015-12-23)
 - new project home page;
 - minor updated to the documentation.
 ### 0.4.3 (2015-10-06)
 - bug fixes for Python 3;
 - bug fixes in the scripts in *./bin*.
 ### 0.4.2 (2015-10-05)
 - first stable release on PypI.
 ### 0.4 (2012-01-02)
 This release introduces a more advanced LSB (Least Significant Bit) method
 based on integers sets. The sets generated with Python generators
 (Sieve of Eratosthenes, Fermat, Carmichael numbers, etc.) are used to select
 the pixels used to hide the information. You can use these new methods in your
 Python codes as a Python module or as a program in your scripts.
 ### 0.3 (2011-04-15)
 - you can now use Stéganô as a library in your Python program;
  (python setup.py install) or as a 'program' thanks to the scripts provided
  in the bin directory;
 - new documentation (reStructuredText) comes with Stéganô.
 ### 0.2 (2011-03-24)
 - this release introduces some bugfixes and a major speed improvement of the
  *reveal* function for the LSB method. Moreover it is now possible to hide a
  binary file (ogg, executable, etc.);
 - a new technique for hiding/revealing a message in a JPEG picture by using the
  description field of the image is provided.
--- a/CONTRIBUTORS.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTORS.md
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
 ## Owner
 - Cédric Bonhomme <cedric@cedricbonhomme.org>
 ## Contributors
 - Alexander Treml - https://github.com/AlexanderTreml
 - Adrien Cosson - https://cosson.io
 - Andrew Roberts <andy.roberts.uk@gmail.com>
 - Christophe Goessen - https://github.com/cgoessen
 - Flavien Roux - https://github.com/FlavienRx
 - Maxwell Gerber - https://github.com/maxwellgerber
 - Mickaël Schoentgen <mschoentgen@nuxeo.com>
 - Nejdet Çağdaş Yücesoy <nejdetyucesoy@gmail.com>
 - panni <panni@fragstore.net>
 - Peter Justin <peter@peterjustin.me>
 - thundersparkf - https://github.com/thundersparkf
 And thank you to the testers!
--- a/MANIFEST.in
+++ b/MANIFEST.in
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
 #documentation
 recursive-include docs *
 #example files
 recursive-include examples *
 # binary files
 recursive-include bin *
 #Misc
 include COPYING
 include README.md
 include requirements.txt
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -1,115 +1,54 @@
-# Stegano
+Stéganô
 =======
-[![Workflow](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/workflows/Python%20application/badge.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Python+application%22)
+A Python Steganography module.
 [Stegano](https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano), a pure Python Steganography
 module.
 Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way
 that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the
 existence of the message, a form of security through obscurity. Consequently,
 functions provided by Stegano only hide messages, without encryption.
 Steganography is often used with cryptography.
-## Installation
+Installation
 ------------
    $ sudo pip install Stegano
-```bash
+Use Stéganô as a library in your Python program
-$ poetry install stegano
+-----------------------------------------------
 ```
-You will be able to use Stegano in your Python programs.
+If you want to use Stéganô in your Python program you just have to import the
 If you only want to install Stegano as a command line tool:
 ```bash
 $ pipx install stegano
 ```
 pipx installs scripts (system wide available) provided by Python packages into
 separate virtualenvs to shield them from your system and each other.
 ## Usage
 A [tutorial](https://stegano.readthedocs.io) is available.
 ## Use Stegano as a library in your Python program
 If you want to use Stegano in your Python program you just have to import the
 appropriate steganography technique. For example:
-```python
+
->>> from stegano import lsb
+    >>> from stegano import slsb
->>> secret = lsb.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", "Hello World")
+    >>> secret = slsb.hide("./pictures/Lenna.png", "Hello Workd")
->>> secret.save("./Lenna-secret.png")
+    >>> secret.save("./Lenna-secret.png")
 >>>
 >>> clear_message = lsb.reveal("./Lenna-secret.png")
 ```
-## Use Stegano as a command line tool
+Use Stéganô as a program
 ------------------------
-### Hide and reveal a message
+In addition you can use Stéganô as a program.
-```bash
+Example:
-$ stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png -m "Secret Message" -o Lena1.png
+
-$ stegano-lsb reveal -i Lena1.png
+    $ slsb --hide -i ../examples/pictures/Lenna.png -o Lena1.png -m "Secret Message"
-Secret Message
+
-```
+Another example (hide the message  with Sieve of Eratosthenes):
    $ slsb-set --hide -i ../examples/pictures/Lenna.png -o Lena2.png --generator eratosthenes -m 'Secret Message'
-### Hide the message with the Sieve of Eratosthenes
+Examples
 --------
-```bash
+There are some examples in the folder *examples*.
 $ stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png -m 'Secret Message' --generator eratosthenes -o Lena2.png
 ```
 The message will be scattered in the picture, following a set described by the
 Sieve of Eratosthenes. Other sets are available. You can also use your own
 generators.
 This will make a steganalysis more complicated.
-## Running the tests
+Turorial
 --------
-```bash
+A [tutorial](https://stegano.readthedocs.org/en/latest/tutorial) is available.
 $ python -m unittest discover -v
 ```
 Running the static type checker:
 ```bash
 $ mypy stegano
 ```
-## Contributions
+Contact
 -------
-Contributions are welcome. If you want to contribute to Stegano I highly
+[My home page](https://www.cedricbonhomme.org).
 recommend you to install it in a Python virtual environment with poetry.
 ## Donations
 If you wish and if you like Stegano, you can donate via GitHub Sponsors:
 [![GitHub Sponsors](https://img.shields.io/github/sponsors/cedricbonhomme)](https://github.com/sponsors/cedricbonhomme)
 or with Bitcoin to this address:  
 bc1q56u6sj7cvlwu58v5lemljcvkh7v2gc3tv8mj0e
 Thank you !
 ## License
 This software is licensed under
 [GNU General Public License version 3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html)
 Copyright (C) 2010-2025 [Cédric Bonhomme](https://www.cedricbonhomme.org)
 For more information, [the list of authors and contributors](CONTRIBUTORS.md) is available.
--- a/bin/slsb
+++ b/bin/slsb
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2011  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2011/04/06 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 try:
    from stegano import slsb
 except:
    print("Install Stegano: sudo pip install Stegano")
 from stegano import tools
 from optparse import OptionParser
 parser = OptionParser(version=__version__)
 parser.add_option('--hide', action='store_true', default=False,
                help="Hides a message in an image.")
 parser.add_option('--reveal', action='store_true', default=False,
                help="Reveals the message hided in an image.")
 # Original image
 parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                help="Input image file.")
 # Image containing the secret
 parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                help="Output image containing the secret.")
 # Non binary secret message to hide
 parser.add_option("-m", "--secret-message", dest="secret_message",
                help="Your secret message to hide (non binary).")
 # Binary secret to hide (OGG, executable, etc.)
 parser.add_option("-f", "--secret-file", dest="secret_file",
                help="Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file).")
 # Output for the binary binary secret.
 parser.add_option("-b", "--binary", dest="secret_binary",
                help="Output for the binary secret (Text or any binary file).")
 parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                    output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_enc.png',
                    secret_message = '', secret_file = '', secret_binary = "")
 (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
 if options.hide:
    if options.secret_message != "" and options.secret_file == "":
        secret = options.secret_message
    elif options.secret_message == "" and options.secret_file != "":
        secret = tools.binary2base64(options.secret_file)
    img_encoded = slsb.hide(options.input_image_file, secret)
    try:
        img_encoded.save(options.output_image_file)
    except Exception as e:
        # If hide() returns an error (Too long message).
        print(e)
 elif options.reveal:
    secret = slsb.reveal(options.input_image_file)
    if options.secret_binary != "":
        data = tools.base642binary(secret)
        with open(options.secret_binary, "w") as f:
            f.write(data)
    else:
        print(secret)
--- a/bin/slsb-set
+++ b/bin/slsb-set
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2011  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2011/12/29 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 try:
    from stegano import slsbset
 except:
    print("Install stegano: sudo pip install Stegano")
 from stegano import tools
 from optparse import OptionParser
 parser = OptionParser(version=__version__)
 parser.add_option('--hide', action='store_true', default=False,
                help="Hides a message in an image.")
 parser.add_option('--reveal', action='store_true', default=False,
                help="Reveals the message hided in an image.")
 # Original image
 parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                help="Input image file.")
 # Generator
 parser.add_option("-g", "--generator", dest="generator_function",
                help="Generator")
 # Image containing the secret
 parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                help="Output image containing the secret.")
 # Non binary secret message to hide
 parser.add_option("-m", "--secret-message", dest="secret_message",
                help="Your secret message to hide (non binary).")
 # Binary secret to hide (OGG, executable, etc.)
 parser.add_option("-f", "--secret-file", dest="secret_file",
                help="Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file).")
 # Output for the binary binary secret.
 parser.add_option("-b", "--binary", dest="secret_binary",
                help="Output for the binary secret (Text or any binary file).")
 parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                    generator_function = 'fermat',
                    output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_enc.png',
                    secret_message = '', secret_file = '', secret_binary = "")
 (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
 if options.hide:
    if options.secret_message != "" and options.secret_file == "":
        secret = options.secret_message
    elif options.secret_message == "" and options.secret_file != "":
        secret = tools.binary2base64(options.secret_file)
    img_encoded = slsbset.hide(options.input_image_file, secret, options.generator_function)
    try:
        img_encoded.save(options.output_image_file)
    except Exception as e:
        # If hide() returns an error (Too long message).
        print(e)
 elif options.reveal:
    try:
        secret = slsbset.reveal(options.input_image_file, options.generator_function)
    except IndexError:
        print("Impossible to detect message.")
        exit(0)
    if options.secret_binary != "":
        data = tools.base642binary(secret)
        with open(options.secret_binary, "w") as f:
            f.write(data)
    else:
        print(secret)
--- a/bin/steganalysis-parity
+++ b/bin/steganalysis-parity
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2011  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2011/12/29 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 try:
    from stegano import steganalysisParity
 except:
    print("Install Stegano: sudo pip install Stegano")
 from PIL import Image
 from optparse import OptionParser
 parser = OptionParser()
 parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                help="Image file")
 parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                help="Image file")
 parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                    output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_steganalysed.png')
 (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
 input_image_file = Image.open(options.input_image_file)
 output_image = steganalysisParity.steganalyse(input_image_file)
 output_image.save(options.output_image_file)
--- a/docs/conf.py
+++ b/docs/conf.py
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
 # Stéganô documentation build configuration file, created by
 # sphinx-quickstart on Wed Jul 25 13:33:39 2012.
@ -9,162 +10,233 @@
 #
 # All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
 # serve to show the default.
 import sys, os
 # If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
 # add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
 # documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
-# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
+#sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
 # -- General configuration -----------------------------------------------------
 # If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
-# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
+#needs_sphinx = '1.0'
 # Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be extensions
 # coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom ones.
 extensions = []
 # Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
-templates_path = ["_templates"]
+templates_path = ['_templates']
 # The suffix of source filenames.
-source_suffix = ".rst"
+source_suffix = '.rst'
 # The encoding of source files.
-# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 # The master toctree document.
-master_doc = "index"
+master_doc = 'index'
 # General information about the project.
-project = "Stegano"
+project = u'Stéganô'
-copyright = "2010-2025, Cédric Bonhomme"
+copyright = u'2012, Cédric Bonhomme'
 author = "Cédric Bonhomme <cedric@cedricbonhomme.org>"
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
 # built documents.
 #
 # The short X.Y version.
-version = "0.11"
+version = '0.4'
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = "0.11.0"
+release = '0.4'
 # The language for content autogenerated by Sphinx. Refer to documentation
 # for a list of supported languages.
-# language = None
+#language = None
 # There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
 # non-false value, then it is used:
-# today = ''
+#today = ''
 # Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
-# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
+#today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
 # List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
 # directories to ignore when looking for source files.
-exclude_patterns = ["_build"]
+exclude_patterns = ['_build']
 # The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all documents.
-# default_role = None
+#default_role = None
 # If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
-# add_function_parentheses = True
+#add_function_parentheses = True
 # If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
 # unit titles (such as .. function::).
-# add_module_names = True
+#add_module_names = True
 # If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
 # output. They are ignored by default.
-# show_authors = False
+#show_authors = False
 # The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
 pygments_style = 'sphinx'
 # A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
-# modindex_common_prefix = []
+#modindex_common_prefix = []
 # -- Options for HTML output ---------------------------------------------------
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
 # a list of builtin themes.
-html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
+html_theme = 'default'
 # Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
 # further.  For a list of options available for each theme, see the
 # documentation.
-# html_theme_options = {}
+#html_theme_options = {}
 # Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
-# html_theme_path = []
+#html_theme_path = []
 # The name for this set of Sphinx documents.  If None, it defaults to
 # "<project> v<release> documentation".
-# html_title = None
+#html_title = None
 # A shorter title for the navigation bar.  Default is the same as html_title.
-# html_short_title = None
+#html_short_title = None
 # The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
 # of the sidebar.
-# html_logo = None
+#html_logo = None
 # The name of an image file (within the static path) to use as favicon of the
 # docs.  This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
 # pixels large.
-# html_favicon = None
+#html_favicon = None
 # Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
 # relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
 # so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
-html_static_path = ["_static"]
+html_static_path = ['_static']
 # If not '', a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page bottom,
 # using the given strftime format.
-# html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
+#html_last_updated_fmt = '%b %d, %Y'
 # If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
 # typographically correct entities.
-# html_use_smartypants = True
+#html_use_smartypants = True
 # Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
-# html_sidebars = {}
+#html_sidebars = {}
 # Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
 # template names.
-# html_additional_pages = {}
+#html_additional_pages = {}
 # If false, no module index is generated.
-# html_domain_indices = True
+#html_domain_indices = True
 # If false, no index is generated.
 #html_use_index = True
 # If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
-# html_split_index = False
+#html_split_index = False
 # If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
-# html_show_sourcelink = True
+#html_show_sourcelink = True
 # If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-# html_show_sphinx = True
+#html_show_sphinx = True
 # If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
-# html_show_copyright = True
+#html_show_copyright = True
 # If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
 # contain a <link> tag referring to it.  The value of this option must be the
 # base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
-# html_use_opensearch = ''
+#html_use_opensearch = ''
 # This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
-# html_file_suffix = None
+#html_file_suffix = None
 # Output file base name for HTML help builder.
 htmlhelp_basename = 'Stgandoc'
 # -- Options for LaTeX output --------------------------------------------------
-latex_engine = "pdflatex"
+latex_elements = {
 # The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
 #'papersize': 'letterpaper',
 # The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
 #'pointsize': '10pt',
 # Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
 #'preamble': '',
 }
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title, author, documentclass [howto/manual]).
 latex_documents = [
-    ("index", "Stgan.tex", "Stegano Documentation", "Cédric Bonhomme", "howto"),
+  ('index', 'Stgan.tex', u'Stéganô Documentation',
   u'Cédric Bonhomme', 'manual'),
 ]
-latex_show_urls = True
+# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
-latex_show_pagerefs = True
+# the title page.
 #latex_logo = None
-ADDITIONAL_PREAMBLE = r"""
+# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
-\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+# not chapters.
-"""
+#latex_use_parts = False
 # If true, show page references after internal links.
 #latex_show_pagerefs = False
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
 #latex_show_urls = False
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
 #latex_appendices = []
 # If false, no module index is generated.
 #latex_domain_indices = True
 # -- Options for manual page output --------------------------------------------
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
 man_pages = [
    ('index', 'stgan', u'Stéganô Documentation',
     [u'Cédric Bonhomme'], 1)
 ]
 # If true, show URL addresses after external links.
 #man_show_urls = False
 # -- Options for Texinfo output ------------------------------------------------
 # Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
  ('index', 'Stgan', u'Stéganô Documentation',
   u'Cédric Bonhomme', 'Stgan', 'One line description of project.',
   'Miscellaneous'),
 ]
 # Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
 #texinfo_appendices = []
 # If false, no module index is generated.
 #texinfo_domain_indices = True
 # How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
 #texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
--- a/docs/index.rst
+++ b/docs/index.rst
@ -3,78 +3,84 @@
   You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
   contain the root `toctree` directive.
-Presentation
+Welcome to Stéganô's documentation!
 ===================================
 .. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2
 Stéganô is a Python steganography_ module.
 Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one,
 apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the existence of the message, a form
 of security through obscurity. Consequently, functions provided by Stéganô only hide message,
 without encryption. Indeed steganography is often used with cryptography.
 The advantage of steganography, over cryptography alone, is that messages do not attract
 attention to themselves. If you are interested in cryptography have a look at my project pySecret.
 Download Stéganô
 ================
 You can clone the source code of Stéganô_ :
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ hg clone https://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 More information about how to install Stéganô in the :doc:`tutorial </tutorial>`.
 Requirements
 ============
-Stegano_ is a pure Python steganography_ module.
+- Python_ >= 3.2 (tested with Python 3.3.1);
 - `Pillow`_ (friendly fork of Python Imaging Library).
-Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way
+Methods of hiding
-that no one, apart from the sender and intended recipient, suspects the
+=================
 existence of the message, a form of security through obscurity.
 Consequently, functions provided by Stegano only hide messages,
 without encryption. Steganography is often used with cryptography.
-Stegano implements these methods of hiding:
+For the moment, Stéganô implements these methods of hiding:
 - using the red portion of a pixel to hide ASCII messages;
 - using the `Least Significant Bit <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_significant_bit>`_ (LSB) technique;
 - using the LSB technique with sets based on generators (Sieve for Eratosthenes, Fermat, Mersenne numbers, etc.);
- using the description field of the image (JPEG and TIFF).
+- using the description field of the image (JPEG).
 Moreover some methods of steganalysis_ are provided:
 - steganalysis of LSB encoding in color images;
 - statistical steganalysis. 
 You can also use Stegano through a `Web service <https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/stegano-web>`_.
 Not all functionalities of Stegano are covered.
-Requirements
+Turorial
 ============
 - Python_ 3;
 - `Pillow`_;
 - `piexif`_.
 Tutorial
 ========
-.. toctree::
+More information available at the :doc:`tutorial </tutorial>` page
    :maxdepth: 2
    installation
    module
    software
    steganalysis
 You can have a look at the
 `unit tests <https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/tree/master/tests>`_.
 License
 =======
-Stegano_ is under GPL v3 license.
+Stéganô is under GPL v3 license.
 Donation
 ========
-If you wish and if you like Stegano, you can
+If you wish and if you like Stéganô, you can donate via bitcoin. My bitcoin address: `1GVmhR9fbBeEh7rP1qNq76jWArDdDQ3otZ <http://blockexplorer.com/address/1GVmhR9fbBeEh7rP1qNq76jWArDdDQ3otZ>`_
 `donate <https://github.com/sponsors/cedricbonhomme>`_.
 Contact
 =======
-`My home page <https://www.cedricbonhomme.org>`_
+`My home page <http://cedricbonhomme.org>`_
 Indices and tables
 ==================
-.. _Python: https://www.python.org
+* :ref:`genindex`
-.. _Stegano: https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
+* :ref:`modindex`
 * :ref:`search`
 .. _Python: http://python.org/
 .. _Stéganô: https://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 .. _`Pillow`: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pillow
 .. _`piexif`: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/piexif
 .. _steganography: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
 .. _steganalysis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganalysis
--- a/docs/installation.rst
+++ b/docs/installation.rst
@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
 Installation
 ============
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ poetry install Stegano
 You will be able to use Stegano in your Python programs
 or as a command line tool.
 If you want to retrieve the source code (with the unit tests):
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ git clone https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
--- a/docs/module.rst
+++ b/docs/module.rst
@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
 Using Stegano as a Python module
 ================================
 You can find more examples in the
 `unit tests directory <https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/tree/master/tests>`_.
 LSB method
 ----------
 .. code-block:: python
    Python 3.11.0 (main, Oct 31 2022, 15:15:22) [GCC 12.2.0] on linux
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> from stegano import lsb
    >>> secret = lsb.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", "Hello world!")
    >>> secret.save("./Lenna-secret.png")
    >>> print(lsb.reveal("./Lenna-secret.png"))
    Hello world!
 LSB method with sets
 --------------------
 Sets are used in order to select the pixels where the message will be hidden.
 .. code-block:: python
    Python 3.11.0 (main, Oct 31 2022, 15:15:22) [GCC 12.2.0] on linux
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> from stegano import lsb
    >>> from stegano.lsb import generators
    # Hide a secret with the Sieve of Eratosthenes
    >>> secret_message = "Hello World!"
    >>> secret_image = lsb.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", secret_message, generators.eratosthenes())
    >>> secret_image.save("./image.png")
    # Try to decode with another generator
    >>> message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.fibonacci())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "/Users/flavien/.local/share/virtualenvs/Stegano-sY_cwr69/bin/stegano-lsb", line 6, in <module>
        sys.exit(main())
    File "/Users/flavien/Perso/dev/Stegano/bin/lsb.py", line 190, in main
        img_encoded = lsb.hide(
    File "/Users/flavien/Perso/dev/Stegano/stegano/lsb/lsb.py", line 63, in hide
        hider.encode_pixel((col, row))
    File "/Users/flavien/Perso/dev/Stegano/stegano/tools.py", line 165, in encode_pixel
        r, g, b, *a = self.encoded_image.getpixel(coordinate)
    File "/Users/flavien/.local/share/virtualenvs/Stegano-sY_cwr69/lib/python3.10/site-packages/PIL/Image.py", line 1481, in getpixel
        return self.im.getpixel(xy)
    IndexError: image index out of range
    # Decode with Eratosthenes
    >>> message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.eratosthenes())
    >>> message
    'Hello World!'
    >>> # Generators available
    >>> import inspect
    >>> all_generators = inspect.getmembers(generators, inspect.isfunction)
    >>> for generator in all_generators:
    ...     print(generator[0], generator[1].__doc__)
    ...
    Dead_Man_Walking None
    OEIS_A000217
        http://oeis.org/A000217
        Triangular numbers: a(n) = C(n+1,2) = n(n+1)/2 = 0+1+2+...+n.
    ackermann
        Ackermann number.
    carmichael None
    eratosthenes
        Generate the prime numbers with the sieve of Eratosthenes.
    eratosthenes_composite
        Generate the composite numbers with the sieve of Eratosthenes.
    fermat
        Generate the n-th Fermat Number.
    fibonacci
        A generator for Fibonacci numbers, goes to next number in series on each call.
        This generator start at 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, ...
        See: http://oeis.org/A000045
    identity
        f(x) = x
    log_gen
        Logarithmic generator.
    mersenne
        Generate 2^n-1.
    syracuse
        Generate the sequence of Syracuse.
    shi_tomashi Shi-Tomachi corner generator of the given points
        https://docs.opencv.org/4.x/d4/d8c/tutorial_py_shi_tomasi.html
    triangular_numbers Triangular numbers: a(n) = C(n+1,2) = n(n+1)/2 = 0+1+2+...+n.
        http://oeis.org/A000217
 Description field of the image
 ------------------------------
 For JPEG and TIFF images.
 .. code-block:: python
    Python 3.11.0 (main, Oct 31 2022, 15:15:22) [GCC 12.2.0] on linux
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> from stegano import exifHeader
    >>> secret = exifHeader.hide("./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg",
                            "./image.jpg", secret_message="Hello world!")
    >>> print(exifHeader.reveal("./image.jpg"))
--- a/docs/requirements.txt
+++ b/docs/requirements.txt
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
 sphinx
 sphinx_rtd_theme
--- a/docs/software.rst
+++ b/docs/software.rst
@ -1,239 +0,0 @@
 Using Stegano in command line
 =============================
 The command ``stegano-lsb``
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 Hide and reveal a message with the LSB method.
 Display help
 ------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-lsb --help
    usage: stegano-lsb [-h] {hide,reveal,list-generators} ...
    positional arguments:
    {hide,reveal,list-generators}
                            sub-command help
        hide                hide help
        reveal              reveal help
        list-generators     list-generators help
    options:
    -h, --help            show this help message and exit
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-lsb hide --help
    usage: stegano-lsb hide [-h] -i INPUT_IMAGE_FILE [-e {UTF-8,UTF-32LE}] [-g [GENERATOR_FUNCTION ...]] [-s SHIFT] (-m SECRET_MESSAGE | -f SECRET_FILE) -o OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE
    options:
    -h, --help            show this help message and exit
    -i INPUT_IMAGE_FILE, --input INPUT_IMAGE_FILE
                            Input image file.
    -e {UTF-8,UTF-32LE}, --encoding {UTF-8,UTF-32LE}
                            Specify the encoding of the message to hide. UTF-8 (default) or UTF-32LE.
    -g [GENERATOR_FUNCTION ...], --generator [GENERATOR_FUNCTION ...]
                            Generator (with optional arguments)
    -s SHIFT, --shift SHIFT
                            Shift for the generator
    -m SECRET_MESSAGE     Your secret message to hide (non binary).
    -f SECRET_FILE        Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file).
    -o OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE, --output OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE
                            Output image containing the secret.
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-lsb reveal --help
    usage: stegano-lsb reveal [-h] -i INPUT_IMAGE_FILE [-e {UTF-8,UTF-32LE}] [-g [GENERATOR_FUNCTION ...]] [-s SHIFT] [-o SECRET_BINARY]
    options:
    -h, --help            show this help message and exit
    -i INPUT_IMAGE_FILE, --input INPUT_IMAGE_FILE
                            Input image file.
    -e {UTF-8,UTF-32LE}, --encoding {UTF-8,UTF-32LE}
                            Specify the encoding of the message to reveal. UTF-8 (default) or UTF-32LE.
    -g [GENERATOR_FUNCTION ...], --generator [GENERATOR_FUNCTION ...]
                            Generator (with optional arguments)
    -s SHIFT, --shift SHIFT
                            Shift for the generator
    -o SECRET_BINARY      Output for the binary secret (Text or any binary file).
 Hide and reveal a text message
 ------------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png -m 'Hello World!' -o ./Lenna_enc.png
    $ stegano-lsb reveal -i ./Lenna_enc.png
    Hello World!
 Specify an encoding
 -------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png -m 'I love 🍕 and 🍫.' -e UTF-32LE -o ./Lenna_enc.png
    $ stegano-lsb reveal -i ./Lenna_enc.png
    I love 🍕 and 🍫.
 The default encoding is UTF-8.
 Hide and reveal a binary file
 -----------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ wget http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.ogg
    $ stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Montenach.png -f ./free-software-song.ogg -o ./Montenach_enc.png
    $ rm free-software-song.ogg
    $ stegano-lsb reveal -i ./Montenach_enc.png -o ./song.ogg
 Sets are used in order to select the pixels where the message will be hidden.
 Hide and reveal a text message with set
 ---------------------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    # Hide the message with the Sieve of Eratosthenes
    $ stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Montenach.png --generator eratosthenes -m 'Joyeux Noël!' -o ./surprise.png
    # Try to reveal with Mersenne numbers
    $ stegano-lsb reveal --generator mersenne -i ./surprise.png
    # Try to reveal with fermat numbers
    $ stegano-lsb reveal --generator fermat -i ./surprise.png
    # Try to reveal with carmichael numbers
    $ stegano-lsb reveal --generator carmichael -i ./surprise.png
    # Try to reveal with Sieve of Eratosthenes
    $ stegano-lsb reveal --generator eratosthenes -i ./surprise.png
 Sometimes it can be useful to skip the first values of a set. For example if you want
 to hide several messages or because due to the selected generator
 (Fibonacci starts with 0, 1, 1, etc.). Or maybe you just want to add more complexity.
 In this case, simply use the optional arguments ``--shift`` or ``-s``:
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png -m 'Shifted secret message' -o ~/Lenna1.png --shift 7
    $ stegano-lsb reveal -i ~/Lenna1.png --shift 7
    Shifted secret message
 List all available generators
 ------------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-lsb list-generators
    Generator id:
        ackermann
    Desciption:
        Ackermann number.
    Generator id:
        ackermann_naive
    Desciption:
        Ackermann number.
    Generator id:
        carmichael
    Desciption:
        Composite numbers n such that a^(n-1) == 1 (mod n) for every a coprime
        to n.
        https://oeis.org/A002997
    Generator id:
        composite
    Desciption:
        Generate the composite numbers using the sieve of Eratosthenes.
        https://oeis.org/A002808
    Generator id:
        eratosthenes
    Desciption:
        Generate the prime numbers with the sieve of Eratosthenes.
        https://oeis.org/A000040
    Generator id:
        fermat
    Desciption:
        Generate the n-th Fermat Number.
        https://oeis.org/A000215
    Generator id:
        fibonacci
    Desciption:
        Generate the sequence of Fibonacci.
        https://oeis.org/A000045
    Generator id:
        identity
    Desciption:
        f(x) = x
    Generator id:
        log_gen
    Desciption:
        Logarithmic generator.
    Generator id:
        mersenne
    Desciption:
        Generate 2^p - 1, where p is prime.
        https://oeis.org/A001348
    Generator id:
        triangular_numbers
    Desciption:
        Triangular numbers: a(n) = C(n+1,2) = n(n+1)/2 = 0+1+2+...+n.
        http://oeis.org/A000217
 The command ``stegano-red``
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 Hide and reveal a text message with the red portion of a pixel.
 Display help
 ------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-red hide --help
    usage: stegano-red hide [-h] [-i INPUT_IMAGE_FILE] [-m SECRET_MESSAGE]
                        [-o OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE]
    optional arguments:
    -h, --help            show this help message and exit
    -i INPUT_IMAGE_FILE, --input INPUT_IMAGE_FILE
                        Image file
    -m SECRET_MESSAGE     Your secret message to hide (non binary).
    -o OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE, --output OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE
                        Image file
 Hide and reveal a text message
 ------------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ stegano-red hide -i ./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png -m 'Basic steganography technique.' -o ~/Lenna1.png
    $ stegano-red reveal -i ~/Lenna1.png
    Basic steganography technique.
--- a/docs/steganalysis.rst
+++ b/docs/steganalysis.rst
@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
 Steganalysis
 ============
 Parity
 ------
 .. code-block:: bash
    # Hide the message  with Sieve of Eratosthenes
    stegano-lsb hide -i ./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg -o ./surprise.png --generator eratosthenes -m 'Very important message.'
    # Steganalysis of the original photo
    stegano-steganalysis-parity -i ./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg -o ./surprise_st_original.png
    # Steganalysis of the secret photo
    stegano-steganalysis-parity -i ./surprise.png -o ./surprise_st_secret.png
    # Reveal with Sieve of Eratosthenes
    stegano-lsb reveal -i ./surprise.png --generator eratosthenes
--- a/docs/tutorial.rst
+++ b/docs/tutorial.rst
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
 Getting Stéganô
 ===============
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ hg clone https://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano
    $ cd stegano/
    $ chmod u+x *.py # if you want to use Stéganô in command line
 Installation
 ============
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ python setup.py install
 Now you will be able to use Stéganô in your Python program.
 Using Stéganô as a Python module
 ================================
 .. code-block:: python
    Python 2.7 (r27:82500, Jul  5 2010, 10:14:47)
    [GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> from stegano import slsb
    >>> secret = slsb.hide("./pictures/Lenna.png", "Hello world!")
    >>> secret.save("./Lenna-secret.png")
    >>> slsb.reveal("./Lenna-secret.png")
    Hello world!
 Using Stéganô in command line for your scripts
 ==============================================
 Display help
 ------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ ./slsb.py --help
    Usage: slsb.py [options]
    Options:
    --version             show program's version number and exit
    -h, --help            show this help message and exit
    --hide                Hides a message in an image.
    --reveal              Reveals the message hided in an image.
    -i INPUT_IMAGE_FILE, --input=INPUT_IMAGE_FILE
                            Input image file.
    -o OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE, --output=OUTPUT_IMAGE_FILE
                            Output image containing the secret.
    -m SECRET_MESSAGE, --secret-message=SECRET_MESSAGE
                            Your secret message to hide (non binary).
    -f SECRET_FILE, --secret-file=SECRET_FILE
                            Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file).
    -b SECRET_BINARY, --binary=SECRET_BINARY
                            Output for the binary secret (Text or any binary
                            file).
 Hide and reveal a text message
 ------------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ ./slsb.py --hide -i ./pictures/Lenna.png -o ./pictures/Lenna_enc.png -m HelloWorld!
    $ ./slsb.py --reveal -i ./pictures/Lenna_enc.png
    HelloWorld!
 Hide and reveal a binary file
 -----------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ wget http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.ogg
    $ ./slsb.py --hide -i ./pictures/Montenach.png -o ./pictures/Montenach_enc.png -f ./free-software-song.ogg
    $ rm free-software-song.ogg
    $ ./slsb.py --reveal -i ./pictures/Montenach_enc.png -b ./song.ogg
 Hide and reveal a message by using the description field of the image
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ ./exif-header.py --hide -i ./Elisha-Cuthbert.jpg -o ./Elisha-Cuthbert_enc.jpg -f ./fileToHide.txt
    $ ./exif-header.py --reveal -i ./Elisha-Cuthbert_enc.jpg
 Steganalysis
 ------------
 .. code-block:: bash
    $ ./steganalysis-parity.py -i ./pictures./Lenna_enc.png -o ./pictures/Lenna_enc_st.png
--- a/examples/example-lsb.py
+++ b/examples/example-lsb.py
@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
 from stegano import slsb
 secret = slsb.hide("./pictures/Lenna.png", "Bonjour tout le monde")
 secret.save("./Lenna-secret.png")
--- a/examples/example1.sh
+++ b/examples/example1.sh
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 wget http://www.gnu.org/music/free-software-song.ogg
 slsb --hide -i ./pictures/Montenach.png -o ./pictures/Montenach_enc.png -f ./free-software-song.ogg
 rm free-software-song.ogg
 slsb --reveal -i ./pictures/Montenach_enc.png -b ./zik.ogg
--- a/examples/example2.sh
+++ b/examples/example2.sh
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 #
 # Test the LSB method with sets.
 #
 echo  "We're going to test a little Stéganô..."
 echo "Hide the message  with the Sieve of Eratosthenes..."
 slsb-set --hide -i ./pictures/Montenach.png -o ./surprise.png --generator eratosthenes -m 'Joyeux Noël!'
 echo ""
 echo "Try to reveal with Mersenne numbers..."
 slsb-set --reveal --generator mersenne -i ./surprise.png
 echo ""
 echo "Try to reveal with fermat numbers..."
 slsb-set --reveal --generator fermat -i ./surprise.png
 echo ""
 echo "Try to reveal with carmichael numbers..."
 slsb-set --reveal --generator carmichael -i ./surprise.png
 echo ""
 echo "Try to reveal with Sieve of Eratosthenes..."
 slsb-set --reveal --generator eratosthenes -i ./surprise.png
--- a/examples/example3.sh
+++ b/examples/example3.sh
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 # Some tests of the LSB method which uses sets (slsb-set). Sets are used in order to select the pixels where the
 # message will be hidden.
 # Hide the message - LSB with a set defined by the identity function (f(x) = x).
 slsb-set --hide -i examples/pictures/Montenach.png -o ~/enc-identity.png --generator identity -m 'I like steganography.'
 # Hide the message - LSB only.
 slsb --hide -i examples/pictures/Montenach.png -o ~/enc.png -m 'I like steganography.'
 # Check if the two generated files are the same.
 sha1sum ~/enc-identity.png ~/enc.png 
 # The output of slsb is given to slsb-set.
 slsb-set --reveal -i ~/enc.png --generator identity 
 # The output of slsb-set is given to slsb.
 slsb --reveal -i ~/enc-identity.png
--- a/examples/example4.sh
+++ b/examples/example4.sh
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 #
 # Test the LSB method with sets.
 #
 echo "Hide the message  with Sieve of Eratosthenes..."
 slsb-set --hide -i ./pictures/Ginnifer-Goodwin.png -o ./surprise.png --generator eratosthenes -m 'Probably the most beautiful woman in the world.'
 echo ""
 echo "Steganalysis of the original photo..."
 steganalysis-parity -i ./pictures/Ginnifer-Goodwin.png -o ./surprise_st_original.png
 echo "Steganalysis of the secret photo..."
 steganalysis-parity -i ./surprise.png -o ./surprise_st_secret.png
 echo ""
 echo "Reveal with Sieve of Eratosthenes..."
 echo "The secret is:"
 slsb-set --reveal --generator eratosthenes -i ./surprise.png
--- a/tests/sample-files/lorem_ipsum.txt
+++ b/tests/sample-files/lorem_ipsum.txt
--- a/examples/pictures/Elisha-Cuthbert.jpg
+++ b/examples/pictures/Elisha-Cuthbert.jpg
--- a/examples/pictures/Ginnifer-Goodwin.png
+++ b/examples/pictures/Ginnifer-Goodwin.png
--- a/tests/sample-files/Lenna.png
+++ b/tests/sample-files/Lenna.png
--- a/tests/sample-files/Montenach.png
+++ b/tests/sample-files/Montenach.png
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
 [build-system]
 requires = ["poetry-core>=2.0"]
 build-backend = "poetry.core.masonry.api"
 [project]
 name = "stegano"
 version = "2.0.0"
 description = "A pure Python Steganography module."
 authors = [
    {name = "Cédric Bonhomme", email= "cedric@cedricbonhomme.org"}
 ]
 license = "GPL-3.0-or-later"
 readme = "README.md"
 keywords = ["Steganography", "Security", "Stegano"]
 dynamic = ["classifiers"]
 requires-python = ">=3.10,<4.0"
 dependencies = [
    "pillow (>=9.5,<12.0)",
    "piexif (>=1.1.3)",
    "crayons (>=0.4.0)",
    "opencv-python (>=4.11.0.86)"
 ]
 [project.urls]
 Homepage = "https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano"
 Changelog = "https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md"
 Repository = "https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano"
 Documentation = "https://stegano.readthedocs.io"
 [project.scripts]
 stegano-lsb = "stegano.console.lsb:main"
 stegano-red = "stegano.console.red:main"
 stegano-steganalysis-parity = "stegano.console.parity:main"
 stegano-steganalysis-statistics = "stegano.console.statistics:main"
 [tool.poetry]
 requires-poetry = ">=2.0"
 classifiers = [
    "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
    "Environment :: Console",
    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
    "Intended Audience :: Science/Research",
    "Topic :: Security",
    "Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
    "License :: OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License v3 or later (GPLv3+)"
 ]
 include = [
    "README.md",
    "COPYING",
    "CHANGELOG.md",
    "docs/**/*",
 ]
 [tool.poetry.group.dev.dependencies]
 mypy = "^1.8.0"
 flake8 = "^6.0.0"
 nose2 = "^0.14.0"
 Sphinx = "^6.2.1"
 pre-commit = "^3.6.0"
 [tool.poetry.group.dev]
 optional = true
 [tool.mypy]
 python_version = "3.13"
 check_untyped_defs = true
 ignore_errors = false
 ignore_missing_imports = true
 strict_optional = true
 no_implicit_optional = true
 warn_unused_ignores = true
 warn_redundant_casts = true
 warn_unused_configs = true
 warn_unreachable = true
 show_error_context = true
 pretty = true
 exclude = "build|dist|docs"
 [tool.isort]
 profile = "black"
 [tool.flake8]
 ignore = ["E203"]
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@ -0,0 +1 @@
 pillow
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
 [metadata]
 description-file = README.md
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 import sys
 import shutil
 try:
    from setuptools import setup
 except ImportError:
    from distutils.core import setup
 packages = [
    'stegano',
    'stegano.exif'
 ]
 requires = ['pillow']
 with open('README.md', 'r') as f:
    readme = f.read()
 with open('CHANGELOG.md', 'r') as f:
    changelog = f.read()
 setup(
    name='Stegano',
    version='0.4.3',
    author='Cédric Bonhomme',
    author_email='cedric@cedricbonhomme.org',
    packages=packages,
    include_package_data=True,
    scripts=['bin/slsb', 'bin/slsb-set', 'bin/steganalysis-parity'],
    url='https://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano',
    description='A Python Steganography module.',
    long_description=readme + changelog,
    platforms = ['Linux'],
    license='GPLv3',
    install_requires=requires,
    zip_safe=False,
    classifiers=[
        "Development Status :: 4 - Beta",
        "Environment :: Console",
        "Topic :: Utilities",
        "Operating System :: OS Independent",
        "Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7",
        "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4",
        "License :: OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License v3 or later (GPLv3+)"
    ]
 )
--- a/stegano/init.py
+++ b/stegano/init.py
@ -1,5 +1 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from . import exifHeader, lsb, red, steganalysis
 __all__ = ["red", "exifHeader", "lsb", "steganalysis"]
--- a/stegano/basic.py
+++ b/stegano/basic.py
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2013  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/10/01 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import sys
 from PIL import Image
 def hide(img, message):
    """
    Hide a message (string) in an image.
    Use the red portion of a pixel (r, g, b) tuple to
    hide the message string characters as ASCII values.
    The red value of the first pixel is used for length of string.
    """
    length = len(message)
    # Limit length of message to 255
    if length > 255:
        return False
    # Use a copy of image to hide the text in
    encoded = img.copy()
    width, height = img.size
    index = 0
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            (r, g, b) = img.getpixel((col, row))
            # first value is length of message
            if row == 0 and col == 0 and index < length:
                asc = length
            elif index <= length:
                c = message[index -1]
                asc = ord(c)
            else:
                asc = r
            encoded.putpixel((col, row), (asc, g , b))
            index += 1
    return encoded
 def reveal(img):
    """
    Find a message in an image.
    Check the red portion of an pixel (r, g, b) tuple for
    hidden message characters (ASCII values).
    The red value of the first pixel is used for length of string.
    """
    width, height = img.size
    message = ""
    index = 0
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            r, g, b = img.getpixel((col, row))
            # First pixel r value is length of message
            if row == 0 and col == 0:
                length = r
            elif index <= length:
                message += chr(r)
            index += 1
    return message
 if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    from optparse import OptionParser
    usage = "usage: %prog hide|reveal [options]"
    parser = OptionParser(usage)
    parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                    help="Image file.")
    parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                    help="Image file.")
    parser.add_option("-s", "--secret", dest="secret",
                    help="Your secret (Message, Image, Music or any binary file).")
    parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                        output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_enc.png',
                        secret = 'Hello World!')
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
    if sys.argv[1] == "hide":
        img = Image.open(options.input_image_file)
        img_encoded = hide(img, options.secret)
        img_encoded.save(options.output_image_file)
    elif sys.argv[1] == "reveal":
        img = Image.open(options.input_image_file)
        print(reveal(img))
--- a/stegano/console/init.py
+++ b/stegano/console/init.py
--- a/stegano/console/lsb.py
+++ b/stegano/console/lsb.py
@ -1,227 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.7 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/03/18 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2019/06/04 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import inspect
 import crayons
 try:
    from stegano import lsb
    from stegano.lsb import generators
 except Exception:
    print("Install stegano: pipx install Stegano")
 import argparse
 from stegano import tools
 class ValidateGenerator(argparse.Action):
    def __call__(self, parser, args, values, option_string=None):
        valid_generators = [
            generator[0]
            for generator in inspect.getmembers(generators, inspect.isfunction)
        ]
        # Verify that the generator is valid
        generator = values[0]
        if generator not in valid_generators:
            raise ValueError("Unknown generator: %s" % generator)
        # Set the generator_function arg of the parser
        setattr(args, self.dest, values)
 def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="stegano-lsb")
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(
        help="sub-command help", dest="command", required=True
    )
    # Subparser: Hide
    parser_hide = subparsers.add_parser("hide", help="hide help")
    # Original image
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-i",
        "--input",
        dest="input_image_file",
        required=True,
        help="Input image file.",
    )
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-e",
        "--encoding",
        dest="encoding",
        choices=tools.ENCODINGS.keys(),
        default="UTF-8",
        help="Specify the encoding of the message to hide."
        " UTF-8 (default) or UTF-32LE.",
    )
    # Generator
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-g",
        "--generator",
        dest="generator_function",
        action=ValidateGenerator,
        nargs="*",
        required=False,
        default=None,
        help="Generator (with optional arguments)",
    )
    # Shift the message to hide
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-s", "--shift", dest="shift", default=0, help="Shift for the generator"
    )
    group_secret = parser_hide.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
    # Non binary secret message to hide
    group_secret.add_argument(
        "-m", dest="secret_message", help="Your secret message to hide (non binary)."
    )
    # Binary secret message to hide
    group_secret.add_argument(
        "-f", dest="secret_file", help="Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file)."
    )
    # Image containing the secret
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-o",
        "--output",
        dest="output_image_file",
        required=True,
        help="Output image containing the secret.",
    )
    # Subparser: Reveal
    parser_reveal = subparsers.add_parser("reveal", help="reveal help")
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-i",
        "--input",
        dest="input_image_file",
        required=True,
        help="Input image file.",
    )
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-e",
        "--encoding",
        dest="encoding",
        choices=tools.ENCODINGS.keys(),
        default="UTF-8",
        help="Specify the encoding of the message to reveal."
        " UTF-8 (default) or UTF-32LE.",
    )
    # Generator
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-g",
        "--generator",
        dest="generator_function",
        action=ValidateGenerator,
        nargs="*",
        required=False,
        help="Generator (with optional arguments)",
    )
    # Shift the message to reveal
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-s", "--shift", dest="shift", default=0, help="Shift for the generator"
    )
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-o",
        dest="secret_binary",
        help="Output for the binary secret (Text or any binary file).",
    )
    # Subparser: List generators
    subparsers.add_parser("list-generators", help="list-generators help")
    arguments = parser.parse_args()
    if arguments.command != "list-generators":
        if not arguments.generator_function:
            generator = None
        else:
            try:
                if arguments.generator_function[0] == "LFSR":
                    # Compute the size of the image for use by the LFSR generator if needed
                    tmp = tools.open_image(arguments.input_image_file)
                    size = tmp.width * tmp.height
                    tmp.close()
                    arguments.generator_function.append(size)
                if len(arguments.generator_function) > 1:
                    generator = getattr(generators, arguments.generator_function[0])(
                        *[int(e) for e in arguments.generator_function[1:]]
                    )
                else:
                    generator = getattr(generators, arguments.generator_function[0])()
            except AttributeError:
                print(f"Unknown generator: {arguments.generator_function}")
                exit(1)
    if arguments.command == "hide":
        if arguments.secret_message is not None:
            secret = arguments.secret_message
        elif arguments.secret_file != "":
            secret = tools.binary2base64(arguments.secret_file)
        img_encoded = lsb.hide(
            image=arguments.input_image_file,
            message=secret,
            generator=generator,
            shift=int(arguments.shift),
            encoding=arguments.encoding,
        )
        try:
            img_encoded.save(arguments.output_image_file)
        except Exception as e:
            # If hide() returns an error (Too long message).
            print(e)
    elif arguments.command == "reveal":
        try:
            secret = lsb.reveal(
                encoded_image=arguments.input_image_file,
                generator=generator,
                shift=int(arguments.shift),
                encoding=arguments.encoding,
            )
        except IndexError:
            print("Impossible to detect message.")
            exit(0)
        if arguments.secret_binary is not None:
            data = tools.base642binary(secret)
            with open(arguments.secret_binary, "wb") as f:
                f.write(data)
        else:
            print(secret)
    elif arguments.command == "list-generators":
        all_generators = inspect.getmembers(generators, inspect.isfunction)
        for generator in all_generators:
            print("Generator id:")
            print(f"    {crayons.green(generator[0], bold=True)}")
            print("Desciption:")
            print(f"    {generator[1].__doc__}")
--- a/stegano/console/parity.py
+++ b/stegano/console/parity.py
@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.7 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/08/25 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import argparse
 from PIL import Image
 try:
    from stegano.steganalysis import parity
 except Exception:
    print("Install Stegano: pipx install Stegano")
 def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="stegano-steganalysis-parity")
    parser.add_argument(
        "-i",
        "--input",
        dest="input_image_file",
        required=True,
        help="Input image file.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "-o",
        "--output",
        dest="output_image_file",
        required=True,
        help="Output image file.",
    )
    arguments = parser.parse_args()
    input_image_file = Image.open(arguments.input_image_file)
    output_image = parity.steganalyse(input_image_file)
    output_image.save(arguments.output_image_file)
--- a/stegano/console/red.py
+++ b/stegano/console/red.py
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2017/02/06 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import argparse
 try:
    from stegano import red
 except Exception:
    print("Install stegano: sudo pip install Stegano")
 def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="stegano-red")
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help="sub-command help", dest="command")
    parser_hide = subparsers.add_parser("hide", help="hide help")
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file", help="Image file"
    )
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-m", dest="secret_message", help="Your secret message to hide (non binary)."
    )
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file", help="Image file"
    )
    parser_reveal = subparsers.add_parser("reveal", help="reveal help")
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file", help="Image file"
    )
    arguments = parser.parse_args()
    if arguments.command == "hide":
        secret = red.hide(arguments.input_image_file, arguments.secret_message)
        secret.save(arguments.output_image_file)
    elif arguments.command == "reveal":
        secret = red.reveal(arguments.input_image_file)
        print(secret)
--- a/stegano/console/statistics.py
+++ b/stegano/console/statistics.py
@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cédric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/08/26 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2016/08/26 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import argparse
 from PIL import Image
 try:
    from stegano.steganalysis import statistics
 except Exception:
    print("Install Stegano: sudo pip install Stegano")
 def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="stegano-steganalysis-parity")
    parser.add_argument("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file", help="Image file")
    parser.add_argument("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file", help="Image file")
    arguments = parser.parse_args()
    input_image_file = Image.open(arguments.input_image_file)
    output_image = statistics.steganalyse(input_image_file)
    output_image.save(arguments.output_image_file)
--- a/stegano/console/wav.py
+++ b/stegano/console/wav.py
@ -1,128 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.7 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/03/18 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2019/06/04 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 try:
    from stegano import wav
 except Exception:
    print("Install stegano: pipx install Stegano")
 import argparse
 from stegano import tools
 def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog="stegano-lsb")
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(
        help="sub-command help", dest="command", required=True
    )
    # Subparser: Hide
    parser_hide = subparsers.add_parser("hide", help="hide help")
    # Original audio
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-i",
        "--input",
        dest="input_audio_file",
        required=True,
        help="Input audio file.",
    )
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-e",
        "--encoding",
        dest="encoding",
        choices=tools.ENCODINGS.keys(),
        default="UTF-8",
        help="Specify the encoding of the message to hide."
        " UTF-8 (default) or UTF-32LE.",
    )
    group_secret = parser_hide.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
    # Non binary secret message to hide
    group_secret.add_argument(
        "-m", dest="secret_message", help="Your secret message to hide (non binary)."
    )
    # Binary secret message to hide
    group_secret.add_argument(
        "-f", dest="secret_file", help="Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file)."
    )
    # Audio containing the secret
    parser_hide.add_argument(
        "-o",
        "--output",
        dest="output_audio_file",
        required=True,
        help="Output audio containing the secret.",
    )
    # Subparser: Reveal
    parser_reveal = subparsers.add_parser("reveal", help="reveal help")
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-i",
        "--input",
        dest="input_audio_file",
        required=True,
        help="Input audio file.",
    )
    parser_reveal.add_argument(
        "-e",
        "--encoding",
        dest="encoding",
        choices=tools.ENCODINGS.keys(),
        default="UTF-8",
        help="Specify the encoding of the message to reveal."
        " UTF-8 (default) or UTF-32LE.",
    )
    arguments = parser.parse_args()
    if arguments.command == "hide":
        if arguments.secret_message is not None:
            secret = arguments.secret_message
        elif arguments.secret_file != "":
            secret = tools.binary2base64(arguments.secret_file)
        wav.hide(
            input_file=arguments.input_audio_file,
            message=secret,
            encoding=arguments.encoding,
            output_file=arguments.output_audio_file,
        )
    elif arguments.command == "reveal":
        try:
            secret = wav.reveal(
                input_file=arguments.input_audio_file, encoding=arguments.encoding
            )
        except IndexError:
            print("Impossible to detect message.")
            exit(0)
        if arguments.secret_binary is not None:
            data = tools.base642binary(secret)
            with open(arguments.secret_binary, "wb") as f:
                f.write(data)
        else:
            print(secret)
--- a/stegano/exif/init.py
+++ b/stegano/exif/init.py
@ -0,0 +1 @@
--- a/stegano/exif/minimal_exif_reader.py
+++ b/stegano/exif/minimal_exif_reader.py
@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
 """
 This module offers one class, MinimalExifReader.  Pass jpg filename
 to the constructor.  Will read minimal exif info from the file.  Three
 "public" functions available:
 imageDescription()--returns Exif ImageDescription tag (0x010e) contents,
                    or '' if not found.
 copyright()--returns Exif copyright tag (0x8298) contents, or '' if not
             found.
 dateTimeOriginal()--returns Exif DateTimeOriginal tag (0x9003) contents,
                    or '' if not found.  If found, the trailing nul char
                    is stripped.  This function also takes an optional
                    format string to apply time.strftime-style formatting
                    to the date time.
 Brought to you by Megabyte Rodeo Software.
 """
 # Written by Chris Stromberger, 10/2004.  Public Domain.
 # Much is owed to Thierry Bousch's exifdump.py:
 # http://topo.math.u-psud.fr/~bousch/exifdump.py
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------
 class ExifFormatException(Exception):
  pass
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------
 class MinimalExifReader:
  IMAGE_DESCRIPTION_TAG = 0x010e
  COPYRIGHT_TAG = 0x8298
  EXIF_SUBIFD_TAG = 0x8769
  DATE_TIME_ORIGINAL_TAG = 0x9003
  #---------------------------------------
  def __init__(self, filename):
    """Pass in jpg exif file name to process.  Will attempt to find tags
    of interest."""
    self.tagsToFind = {self.IMAGE_DESCRIPTION_TAG:'',
                       self.COPYRIGHT_TAG:'',
                       self.DATE_TIME_ORIGINAL_TAG:''}
    # Read first bit of file to see if exif file.
    f = open(filename, 'rb')
    firstTwoBytes = f.read(2)
    if firstTwoBytes != '\xff\xd8':
      f.close()
      raise ExifFormatException("Missing SOI marker")
    appMarker = f.read(2)
    # See if there's an APP0 section, which sometimes appears.
    if appMarker == '\xff\xe0':
      #print "Skipping app0"
      # Yes, we have app0.  Skip over it.
      app0DataLength = ord(f.read(1)) * 256 + ord(f.read(1))
      app0 = f.read(app0DataLength - 2)
      appMarker = f.read(2)
    if appMarker != '\xff\xe1':
      raise ExifFormatException("Can't find APP1 marker")
    exifHeader = f.read(8)
    #import binascii
    #print binascii.hexlify(exifHeader)
    if (exifHeader[2:6] != 'Exif' or
        exifHeader[6:8] != '\x00\x00'):
      f.close()
      raise ExifFormatException("Malformed APP1")
    app1DataLength = ord(exifHeader[0]) * 256 + ord(exifHeader[1])
    #print app1DataLength
    # Read exif info starting at the beginning of the self.tiff section.
    # This is 8 bytes into the app1 section, so subtract 8 from
    # app1 length.
    self.tiff = f.read(app1DataLength - 8)
    f.close()
    self.endian = self.tiff[0]
    if self.endian not in ('I', 'M'):
      raise ExifFormatException("Invalid endianess found: %s" % self.endian)
    # Now navigate to the items of interest and get them.
    ifdStart = self.getValueAtLocation(4, 4)
    self.ifdSearch(ifdStart)
  #---------------------------------------
  def imageDescription(self):
    """Return image description tag contents or '' if not found."""
    return self.tagsToFind[self.IMAGE_DESCRIPTION_TAG].strip('\x20\x00')
  #---------------------------------------
  def copyright(self):
    """Return copyright tag contents or '' if not found."""
    return self.tagsToFind[self.COPYRIGHT_TAG].strip('\x20\x00')
  #---------------------------------------
  def dateTimeOriginal(self, formatString = None):
    """Pass in optional format string to get time.strftime style formatting,
    else get default exif format for date time string (without trailing nul).
    Returns '' if tag not found."""
    # The datetime should end in nul, get rid of it.
    if formatString is None or not self.tagsToFind[self.DATE_TIME_ORIGINAL_TAG]:
      return self.tagsToFind[self.DATE_TIME_ORIGINAL_TAG].strip('\x20\x00')
    else:
      # This will only work if the datetime string is in the standard exif format (i.e., hasn't been altered).
      try:
        import time
        return time.strftime(formatString, time.strptime(self.tagsToFind[self.DATE_TIME_ORIGINAL_TAG].strip('\x20\x00'), '%Y:%m:%d %H:%M:%S'))
      except:
        return self.tagsToFind[self.DATE_TIME_ORIGINAL_TAG].strip('\x20\x00')
  #---------------------------------------
  def ifdSearch(self, ifdStart):
    numIfdEntries = self.getValueAtLocation(ifdStart, 2)
    tagsStart = ifdStart + 2
    for entryNum in range(numIfdEntries):
      # For my purposes, all files will have either no tags, or
      # only our tags of interest, so no need to waste time trying to
      # break out of the loop early.
      thisTagStart = tagsStart + 12 * entryNum
      tagId = self.getValueAtLocation(thisTagStart, 2)
      if tagId == self.EXIF_SUBIFD_TAG:
        # This is a special tag that points to another ifd.  Our
        # date time original tag is in the sub ifd.
        self.ifdSearch(self.getTagValue(thisTagStart))
      elif tagId in self.tagsToFind:
        assert(not self.tagsToFind[tagId])
        self.tagsToFind[tagId] = self.getTagValue(thisTagStart)
  #---------------------------------------
  def getValueAtLocation(self, offset, length):
    slice = self.tiff[offset:offset + length]
    if self.endian == 'I':
      val = self.s2n_intel(slice)
    else:
      val = self.s2n_motorola(slice)
    return val
  #---------------------------------------
  def s2n_motorola(self, str):
    x = 0
    for c in str:
      x = (x << 8) | ord(c)
    return x
  #---------------------------------------
  def s2n_intel(self, str):
    x = 0
    y = 0
    for c in str:
      x = x | (ord(c) << y)
      y = y + 8
    return x
  #---------------------------------------
  def getTagValue(self, thisTagStart):
    datatype = self.getValueAtLocation(thisTagStart + 2, 2)
    numBytes = [ 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 1, 1, 2, 4, 8 ] [datatype-1] * self.getValueAtLocation(thisTagStart + 4, 4)
    if numBytes > 4:
      offsetToValue = self.getValueAtLocation(thisTagStart + 8, 4)
      return self.tiff[offsetToValue:offsetToValue + numBytes]
    else:
      if datatype == 2 or datatype == 1 or datatype == 7:
        return self.tiff[thisTagStart + 8:thisTagStart + 8 + numBytes]
      else:
        return self.getValueAtLocation(thisTagStart + 8, numBytes)
  #---------------------------------------
  def __str__(self):
    return str(self.tagsToFind)
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------
 if __name__ == '__main__':
  import sys
  if len(sys.argv) == 1:
    print("Pass jpgs to process.")
    sys.exit(1)
  for filename in sys.argv[1:]:
    try:
      f = MinimalExifReader(filename)
      print(filename)
      print("description: '%s'" % f.imageDescription())
      print("copyright: '%s'" % f.copyright())
      print("dateTimeOriginal: '%s'" % f.dateTimeOriginal())
      print("dateTimeOriginal: '%s'" % f.dateTimeOriginal('%B %d, %Y %I:%M:%S %p'))
      print()
    except ExifFormatException as ex:
      sys.stderr.write("Exif format error: %s\n" % ex)
    except:
      sys.stderr.write("Unable to process %s\n" % filename)
--- a/stegano/exif/minimal_exif_writer.py
+++ b/stegano/exif/minimal_exif_writer.py
@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
 """
 Offers one class, MinimalExifWriter, which takes a jpg filename
 in the constructor.  Allows you to: remove exif section, add
 image description, add copyright.  Typical usage:
 f = MinimalExifWriter('xyz.jpg')
 f.newImageDescription('This is a photo of something very interesting!')
 f.newCopyright('Jose Blow, All Rights Reserved', addCopyrightYear = 1)
 f.process()
 Class methods:
 newImageDescription(description)--will add Exif ImageDescription to file.
 newCopyright(copyright, addSymbol = 0, addYear = 0)--will add Exif Copyright to file.
  Will optionally prepend copyright symbol, or copyright symbol and current year.
 removeExif()--will obliterate existing exif section.
 process()--call after calling one or more of the above.  Will remove existing exif
  section, optionally saving some existing tags (see below), and insert a new exif
  section with only three tags at most: description, copyright and date time original.
  If removeExif() not called, existing description (or new description if newDescription()
  called), existing copyright (or new copyright if newCopyright() called) and existing
  "DateTimeOriginal" (date/time picture taken) tags will be rewritten to the new
  minimal exif section.
 Run at comand line with no args to see command line usage.
 Does not work on unix due to differences in mmap.  Not sure what's up there--
 don't need it on unix!
 Brought to you by Megabyte Rodeo Software.
 http://www.fetidcascade.com/pyexif.html
 """
 # Written by Chris Stromberger, 10/2004.  Public Domain.
 # Last updated: 12/3/2004.
 DUMP_TIFF = 0
 VERBOSE = 0
 if VERBOSE:
  import binascii
 import mmap
 import sys
 from . import minimal_exif_reader
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------
 class ExifFormatException(Exception):
  pass
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class MinimalExifWriter:
  SOI_MARKER = '\xff\xd8'
  APP0_MARKER = '\xff\xe0'
  APP1_MARKER = '\xff\xe1'
  # Standard app0 segment that will work for all files.  We hope.
  # Based on http://www.funducode.com/freec/Fileformats/format3/format3b.htm.
  APP0 = '\xff\xe0\x00\x10\x4a\x46\x49\x46\x00\x01\x01\x00\x00\x01\x00\x01\x00\x00'
  def __init__(self, filename):
    self.filename = filename
    self.removeExifSection = 0
    self.description = None
    self.copyright = None
    self.dateTimeOriginal = None
  #---------------------------------------------
  def newImageDescription(self, description):
    self.description = description
  #---------------------------------------------
  def newCopyright(self, copyright, addSymbol = 0, addYear = 0):
    if addYear:
      import time
      year = time.localtime()[0]
      self.copyright = "\xa9 %s %s" % (year, copyright)
    elif addSymbol:
      self.copyright = "\xa9 %s" % copyright
    else:
      self.copyright = copyright
  #---------------------------------------------
  def removeExif(self):
    self.removeExifSection = 1
  #---------------------------------------------
  def process(self):
    if not self.removeExifSection:
      self.getExistingExifInfo()
    if VERBOSE:
      print(self)
    import os
    try:
      fd = os.open(self.filename, os.O_RDWR)
    except:
      sys.stderr.write('Unable to open "%s"\n' % filename)
      return
    self.m = mmap.mmap(fd, 0)
    os.close(fd)
    # We only add app0 if all we're doing is removing the exif section.
    justRemovingExif = self.description is None and self.copyright is None and self.removeExifSection
    if VERBOSE: print('justRemovingExif=%s' % justRemovingExif)
    self.removeExifInfo(addApp0 = justRemovingExif)
    if justRemovingExif:
      self.m.close()
      return
    # Get here means we are adding new description and/or copyright.
    self.removeApp0()
    totalTagsToBeAdded = len([_f for _f in (self.description, self.copyright, self.dateTimeOriginal) if _f])
    assert(totalTagsToBeAdded > 0)
    # Layout will be: firstifd|description|copyright|exififd|datetime.
    # First ifd will have tags: desc|copyright|subifd tag.
    ifd = [self.twoBytesHexIntel(totalTagsToBeAdded)]
    ifdEnd = ['\x00\x00\x00\x00']
    NUM_TAGS_LEN = 2
    TAG_LEN = 12
    NEXT_IFD_OFFSET_LEN = 4
    TIFF_HEADER_LENGTH = 8
    ifdLength = NUM_TAGS_LEN + TAG_LEN * totalTagsToBeAdded + NEXT_IFD_OFFSET_LEN
    # Subifd only has one tag.
    SUBIFD_LENGTH = NUM_TAGS_LEN + TAG_LEN + NEXT_IFD_OFFSET_LEN
    offsetToEndOfData = ifdLength + TIFF_HEADER_LENGTH
    if self.description:
      ifd.append(self.descriptionTag(len(self.description), offsetToEndOfData))
      ifdEnd.append(self.description)
      offsetToEndOfData += len(self.description)
    if self.copyright:
      ifd.append(self.copyrightTag(len(self.copyright), offsetToEndOfData))
      ifdEnd.append(self.copyright)
      offsetToEndOfData += len(self.copyright)
    if self.dateTimeOriginal:
      ifd.append(self.subIfdTag(offsetToEndOfData))
      offsetToEndOfData += SUBIFD_LENGTH
      ifdEnd.append(self.buildSubIfd(len(self.dateTimeOriginal), offsetToEndOfData))
      ifdEnd.append(self.dateTimeOriginal)
    app1 = self.buildApp1Section(ifd, ifdEnd)
    self.addApp1(app1)
    self.m.close()
  #---------------------------------------------
  # Build exif subifd with one tag for datetime (0x9003).
  # Type is ascii (0x0002).
  def buildSubIfd(self, lenDateTime, offsetToEndOfData):
    return '\x01\x00\x03\x90\x02\x00%s%s\x00\x00\x00\x00' % (self.fourBytesHexIntel(lenDateTime), self.fourBytesHexIntel(offsetToEndOfData))
  #---------------------------------------------
  def getExistingExifInfo(self):
    # Save off the old stuff.
    try:
      f = minimal_exif_reader.MinimalExifReader(self.filename)
    except:
      # Assume no existing exif info in the file.  We
      # don't care.
      return
    if not self.description:
      self.description = f.imageDescription()
    if not self.copyright:
      self.copyright = f.copyright()
    self.dateTimeOriginal = f.dateTimeOriginal()
    if self.dateTimeOriginal:
      # Restore ending nul.
      if self.dateTimeOriginal[-1] != '\x00':
        self.dateTimeOriginal += '\x00'
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def removeExifInfo(self, addApp0 = 1):
    """Remove the app1 section of the jpg.  This removes all exif info and the exif
    thumbnail.  addApp0 should be 1 to add a minimal app0 section right after soi
    to make it a legitimate jpg, I think (various image programs can read the file
    without app0, but I think the standard requires one).
    """
    # Read first bit of file to see if exif file.
    self.m.seek(0)
    if self.m.read(2) != self.SOI_MARKER:
      self.m.close()
      raise ExifFormatException("Missing SOI marker")
    app0DataLength = 0
    appMarker = self.m.read(2)
    # See if there's an APP0 section, which sometimes appears.
    if appMarker == self.APP0_MARKER:
      if VERBOSE: print('app0 found')
      app0DataLength = ord(self.m.read(1)) * 256 + ord(self.m.read(1))
      if VERBOSE: print('app0DataLength: %s' % app0DataLength)
      # Back up 2 bytes to get the length bytes.
      self.m.seek(-2, 1)
      existingApp0 = self.m.read(app0DataLength)
      appMarker = self.m.read(2)
    if appMarker != self.APP1_MARKER:
      # We don't care, we'll add our minimal app1 later.
      return
    exifHeader = self.m.read(8)
    if VERBOSE: print('exif header: %s' % binascii.hexlify(exifHeader))
    if (exifHeader[2:6] != 'Exif' or
        exifHeader[6:8] != '\x00\x00'):
      self.m.close()
      raise ExifFormatException("Malformed APP1")
    app1Length = ord(exifHeader[0]) * 256 + ord(exifHeader[1])
    if VERBOSE: print('app1Length: %s' % app1Length)
    originalFileSize = self.m.size()
    # Shift stuff just past app1 to overwrite app1.
    # Start at app1 length bytes in + other bytes not incl in app1 length.
    src = app1Length + len(self.SOI_MARKER) + len(self.APP1_MARKER)
    if app0DataLength:
      src += app0DataLength + len(self.APP0_MARKER)
    dest = len(self.SOI_MARKER)
    if addApp0:
      if app0DataLength != 0:
        # We'll re-add the existing app0.
        dest += app0DataLength + len(self.APP0_MARKER)
      else:
        # Add our generic app0.
        dest += len(self.APP0)
    count = originalFileSize - app1Length - len(self.SOI_MARKER) - len(self.APP1_MARKER)
    if app0DataLength:
      count -= app0DataLength + len(self.APP0_MARKER)
    if VERBOSE: print('self.m.move(%s, %s, %s)' % (dest, src, count))
    self.m.move(dest, src, count)
    if addApp0:
      if app0DataLength != 0:
        self.m.resize(originalFileSize - app1Length - len(self.APP1_MARKER))
      else:
        self.m.seek(len(self.SOI_MARKER))
        self.m.write(self.APP0)
        self.m.resize(originalFileSize - app1Length - len(self.APP1_MARKER) + len(self.APP0))
    else:
      self.m.resize(originalFileSize - app1Length - len(self.APP1_MARKER))
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def removeApp0(self):
    self.m.seek(0)
    header = self.m.read(6)
    if (header[0:2] != self.SOI_MARKER or
        header[2:4] != self.APP0_MARKER):
      if VERBOSE: print('no app0 found: %s' % binascii.hexlify(header))
      return
    originalFileSize = self.m.size()
    app0Length = ord(header[4]) * 256 + ord(header[5])
    if VERBOSE: print('app0Length:', app0Length)
    # Shift stuff to overwrite app0.
    # Start at app0 length bytes in + other bytes not incl in app0 length.
    src = app0Length + len(self.SOI_MARKER) + len(self.APP0_MARKER)
    dest = len(self.SOI_MARKER)
    count = originalFileSize - app0Length - len(self.SOI_MARKER) - len(self.APP0_MARKER)
    self.m.move(dest, src, count)
    if VERBOSE: print('m.move(%s, %s, %s)' % (dest, src, count))
    self.m.resize(originalFileSize - app0Length - len(self.APP0_MARKER))
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def addApp1(self, app1):
    originalFileSize = self.m.size()
    # Insert app1 section.
    self.m.resize(originalFileSize + len(app1))
    src = len(self.SOI_MARKER)
    dest = len(app1) + len(self.SOI_MARKER)
    count = originalFileSize - len(self.SOI_MARKER)
    self.m.move(dest, src, count)
    self.m.seek(len(self.SOI_MARKER))
    self.m.write(app1)
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def fourBytesHexIntel(self, number):
    return '%s%s%s%s' % (chr(number & 0x000000ff),
                         chr((number >> 8) & 0x000000ff),
                         chr((number >> 16) & 0x000000ff),
                         chr((number >> 24) & 0x000000ff))
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def twoBytesHexIntel(self, number):
    return '%s%s' % (chr(number & 0x00ff),
                     chr((number >> 8) & 0x00ff))
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def descriptionTag(self, numChars, loc):
    return self.asciiTag('\x0e\x01', numChars, loc)
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def copyrightTag(self, numChars, loc):
    return self.asciiTag('\x98\x82', numChars, loc)
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def subIfdTag(self, loc):
    return '\x69\x87\x04\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00%s' % self.fourBytesHexIntel(loc)
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def asciiTag(self, tag, numChars, loc):
    """Create ascii tag.  Assumes description > 4 chars long."""
    return '%s\x02\x00%s%s' % (tag, self.fourBytesHexIntel(numChars), self.fourBytesHexIntel(loc))
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def buildApp1Section(self, ifdPieces, ifdEndPieces):
    """Create the APP1 section of an exif jpg.  Consists of exif header plus
    tiff header + ifd and associated data."""
    # Intel byte order, offset to first ifd will be 8.
    tiff = 'II\x2a\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00%s%s' % (''.join(ifdPieces), ''.join(ifdEndPieces))
    if DUMP_TIFF:
      f = open('tiff.dump', 'wb')
      f.write(tiff)
      f.close()
    app1Length = len(tiff) + 8
    return '\xff\xe1%s%sExif\x00\x00%s' % (chr((app1Length >> 8) & 0x00ff), chr(app1Length & 0x00ff), tiff)
  #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  def __str__(self):
    return """filename: %(filename)s
 removeExifSection: %(removeExifSection)s
 description: %(description)s
 copyright: %(copyright)s
 dateTimeOriginal: %(dateTimeOriginal)s
 """ % self.__dict__
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def usage(error = None):
  """Print command line usage and exit"""
  if error:
    print(error)
    print()
  print("""This program will remove exif info from an exif jpg, and can optionally
 add the ImageDescription exif tag and/or the Copyright tag.  But it will always remove
 some or all existing exif info (depending on options--see below)!
 So don't run this on your original images without a backup.
 Options:
  -h: shows this message.
  -f <file>: jpg to process (required).
  -x: remove exif info (including thumbnail).
  -d <description or file>: remove exif info (including thumbnail) and then add exif
                            ImageDescription.  Will save the existing copyright tag if present,
                            as well as the date time original tag (date & time photo taken),
                            unless -x also passed (-x always means remove all exif info).
                            It will attempt to open whatever is passed on the
                            command line as a file; if successful, the contents of the file
                            are added as the description, else the literal text on the
                            command line is used as the description.
  -c <copyright or file>: remove exif info (including thumbnail) and then add exif
                          Copyright tag.  Will save the existing image description tag if present,
                          as well as the date time original tag (date & time photo taken),
                          unless -x also passed (-x always means remove all exif info).
                          It will attempt to open whatever is passed on the command line as a file;
                          if successful, the contents of the file are added as the copyright,
                          else the literal text on the command line is used as the copyright.
  -s: prepend copyright symbol to copyright.
  -y: prepend copyright symbol and current year to copyright.
  The image description and copyright must be > 4 characters long.
  This software courtesy of Megabyte Rodeo Software.""")
  sys.exit(1)
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def parseArgs(args_):
  import getopt
  try:
    opts, args = getopt.getopt(args_, "yshxd:f:c:")
  except getopt.GetoptError:
    usage()
  filename           = None
  description        = ''
  copyright          = ''
  addCopyrightSymbol = 0
  addCopyrightYear   = 0
  removeExif         = 0
  for o, a in opts:
    if o == "-h":
      usage()
    if o == "-f":
      filename = a
    if o == "-d":
      try:
        f = open(a)
        description = f.read()
        f.close()
      except:
        description = a
    if o == "-c":
      try:
        f = open(a)
        copyright = f.read()
        f.close()
      except:
        copyright = a
    if o == '-x':
      removeExif = 1
    if o == '-s':
      addCopyrightSymbol = 1
    if o == '-y':
      addCopyrightYear = 1
  if filename is None:
    usage('Missing jpg filename')
  if description and (len(description) <= 4 or len(description) > 60000):
    usage('Description too short or too long')
  if copyright and (len(copyright) <= 4 or len(copyright) > 60000):
    usage('Copyright too short or too long')
  if not description and not copyright and not removeExif:
    usage('Nothing to do!')
  return filename, description, copyright, removeExif, addCopyrightSymbol, addCopyrightYear
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 if __name__ == '__main__':
  try:
    filename, description, copyright, removeExif, addCopyrightSymbol, addCopyrightYear = parseArgs(sys.argv[1:])
    f = MinimalExifWriter(filename)
    if description:
      f.newImageDescription(description)
    if copyright:
      f.newCopyright(copyright, addCopyrightSymbol, addCopyrightYear)
    if removeExif:
      f.removeExif()
    f.process()
  except ExifFormatException as ex:
    sys.stderr.write("Exif format error: %s\n" % ex)
  except SystemExit:
    pass
  except:
    sys.stderr.write("Unable to process %s\n" % filename)
    raise
--- a/stegano/exifHeader.py
+++ b/stegano/exifHeader.py
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2013  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/03/24 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 # Thanks to: http://www.julesberman.info/spec2img.htm
 def hide(img, img_enc, copyright="http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano", \
            secret_message = None, secret_file = None):
    """
    """
    import shutil
    import datetime
    from zlib import compress
    from zlib import decompress
    from base64 import b64encode
    from .exif.minimal_exif_writer import MinimalExifWriter
    if secret_file != None:
        with open(secret_file, "r") as f:
            secret_file_content = f.read()
    text = "\nImage annotation date: "
    text = text + str(datetime.date.today())
    text = text  + "\nImage description:\n"
    if secret_file != None:
        text = compress(b64encode(text + secret_file_content))
    else:
        text = compress(b64encode(text + secret_message))
    try:
        shutil.copy(img, img_enc)
    except Exception as e:
        print(("Impossible to copy image:", e))
        return
    f = MinimalExifWriter(img_enc)
    f.removeExif()
    f.newImageDescription(text)
    f.newCopyright(copyright, addYear = 1)
    f.process()
 def reveal(img):
    """
    """
    from base64 import b64decode
    from zlib import decompress
    from .exif.minimal_exif_reader import MinimalExifReader
    try:
        g = MinimalExifReader(img)
    except:
        print("Impossible to read description.")
        return
    print((b64decode(decompress(g.imageDescription()))))
    print(("\nCopyright " + g.copyright()))
    #print g.dateTimeOriginal()s
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    from optparse import OptionParser
    parser = OptionParser(version=__version__)
    parser.add_option('--hide', action='store_true', default=False,
                      help="Hides a message in an image.")
    parser.add_option('--reveal', action='store_true', default=False,
                      help="Reveals the message hided in an image.")
    # Original image
    parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                    help="Input image file.")
    # Image containing the secret
    parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                    help="Output image containing the secret.")
    # Secret raw message to hide
    parser.add_option("-m", "--secret-message", dest="secret_message",
                    help="Your raw secret message to hide.")
    # Secret text file to hide.
    parser.add_option("-f", "--secret-file", dest="secret_file",
                    help="Your secret textt file to hide.")
    parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Elisha-Cuthbert.jpg',
                        output_image_file = './pictures/Elisha-Cuthbert_enc.jpg',
                        secret_message = '', secret_file = '')
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
    if options.hide:
        if options.secret_message != "" and options.secret_file == "":
            hide(img=options.input_image_file, img_enc=options.output_image_file, \
                    secret_message=options.secret_message)
        elif options.secret_message == "" and options.secret_file != "":
            hide(img=options.input_image_file, img_enc=options.output_image_file, \
                    secret_file=options.secret_file)
    elif options.reveal:
        reveal(img=options.input_image_file)
--- a/stegano/exifHeader/init.py
+++ b/stegano/exifHeader/init.py
@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from .exifHeader import hide, reveal
 __all__ = ["hide", "reveal"]
--- a/stegano/exifHeader/exifHeader.py
+++ b/stegano/exifHeader/exifHeader.py
@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.2.2 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/05/26 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2017/01/18 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import piexif
 from stegano import tools
 def hide(
    input_image_file,
    img_enc,
    secret_message=None,
    secret_file=None,
    img_format=None,
 ):
    """Hide a message (string) in an image."""
    from base64 import b64encode
    from zlib import compress
    if secret_file is not None:
        with open(secret_file, "rb") as f:
            secret_message = f.read()
    try:
        text = compress(b64encode(bytes(secret_message, "utf-8")))
    except Exception:
        text = compress(b64encode(secret_message))
    img = tools.open_image(input_image_file)
    if img_format is None:
        img_format = img.format
    if "exif" in img.info:
        exif_dict = piexif.load(img.info["exif"])
    else:
        exif_dict = {}
        exif_dict["0th"] = {}
    exif_dict["0th"][piexif.ImageIFD.ImageDescription] = text
    exif_bytes = piexif.dump(exif_dict)
    img.save(img_enc, format=img_format, exif=exif_bytes)
    img.close()
    return img
 def reveal(input_image_file):
    """Find a message in an image."""
    from base64 import b64decode
    from zlib import decompress
    img = tools.open_image(input_image_file)
    try:
        if img.format in ["JPEG", "TIFF"]:
            if "exif" in img.info:
                exif_dict = piexif.load(img.info.get("exif", b""))
                description_key = piexif.ImageIFD.ImageDescription
                encoded_message = exif_dict["0th"][description_key]
            else:
                encoded_message = b""
        else:
            raise ValueError("Given file is neither JPEG nor TIFF.")
    finally:
        img.close()
    return b64decode(decompress(encoded_message))
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    # TODO: improve the management of arguments
    from optparse import OptionParser
    parser = OptionParser(version=__version__)
    parser.add_option(
        "--hide",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Hides a message in an image.",
    )
    parser.add_option(
        "--reveal",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="Reveals the message hided in an image.",
    )
    # Original image
    parser.add_option(
        "-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file", help="Input image file."
    )
    # Image containing the secret
    parser.add_option(
        "-o",
        "--output",
        dest="output_image_file",
        help="Output image containing the secret.",
    )
    # Secret raw message to hide
    parser.add_option(
        "-m",
        "--secret-message",
        dest="secret_message",
        help="Your raw secret message to hide.",
    )
    # Secret text file to hide.
    parser.add_option(
        "-f",
        "--secret-file",
        dest="secret_file",
        help="Your secret text file to hide.",
    )
    parser.set_defaults(
        input_image_file="./pictures/Elisha-Cuthbert.jpg",
        output_image_file="./pictures/Elisha-Cuthbert_enc.jpg",
        secret_message="",
        secret_file="",
    )
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
    if options.hide:
        if options.secret_message != "" and options.secret_file == "":
            hide(
                input_image_file=options.input_image_file,
                img_enc=options.output_image_file,
                secret_message=options.secret_message,
            )
        elif options.secret_message == "" and options.secret_file != "":
            hide(
                input_image_file=options.input_image_file,
                img_enc=options.output_image_file,
                secret_file=options.secret_file,
            )
    elif options.reveal:
        reveal(input_image_file=options.input_image_file)
--- a/stegano/generators.py
+++ b/stegano/generators.py
@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2013  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.2 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2011/12/28 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2012/12/14 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import math
 import itertools
 def identity():
    """
    f(x) = x
    """
    n = 0
    while True:
        yield n
        n += 1
 def Dead_Man_Walking():
    n = 0
    while True:
        yield n + 7
        n += 2
 def OEIS_A000217():
    """
    http://oeis.org/A000217
    Triangular numbers: a(n) = C(n+1,2) = n(n+1)/2 = 0+1+2+...+n.
    """
    n = 0
    while True:
        yield (n*(n+1))//2
        n += 1
 def fermat():
    """
    Generate the n-th Fermat Number.
    """
    y = 5
    while True:
        yield y
        y = pow(y-1,2)+1
 def mersenne():
    """
    Generate 2^n-1.
    """
    y = 1
    while True:
        yield y
        y = 2*y + 1
 def eratosthenes():
    """
    Generate the prime numbers with the sieve of Eratosthenes.
    """
    d = {}
    for i in itertools.count(2):
        if i in d:
            for j in d[i]:
                d[i + j] = d.get(i + j, []) + [j]
            del d[i]
        else:
            d[i * i] = [i]
            yield i
 def eratosthenes_composite():
    """
    Generate the composite numbers with the sieve of Eratosthenes.
    """
    p1 = 3
    for p2 in eratosthenes():
        for n in range(p1 + 1, p2):
            yield n
        p1 = p2
 def carmichael():
    for m in eratosthenes_composite():
        for a in range(2, m):
            if pow(a,m,m) != a:
                break
        else:
            yield m
 def ackermann(m, n):
    """
    Ackermann number.
    """
    if m == 0:
        return n + 1
    elif n == 0:
        return ackermann(m - 1, 1)
    else:
        return ackermann(m - 1, ackermann(m, n - 1))
 def fibonacci():
    """
    A generator for Fibonacci numbers, goes to next number in series on each call.
    This generator start at 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, ...
    See: http://oeis.org/A000045
    """
    a, b = 1, 2
    while True:
        yield a
        a, b = b, a + b
 def syracuse(l=15):
    """
    Generate the sequence of Syracuse.
    """
    y = l
    while True:
        yield y
        q,r = divmod(y,2)
        if r == 0:
            y = q
        else:
            y = 3*y + 1
 def log_gen():
    """
    Logarithmic generator.
    """
    y = 1
    while True:
        adder = max(1, math.pow(10, int(math.log10(y))))
        yield int(y)
        y = y + adder
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    f = fibonacci()
    for x in range(13):
        print(next(f), end=' ') # 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144
--- a/stegano/lsb/init.py
+++ b/stegano/lsb/init.py
@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from .lsb import hide, reveal
 __all__ = ["hide", "reveal"]
--- a/stegano/lsb/generators.py
+++ b/stegano/lsb/generators.py
@ -1,254 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.3 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2011/12/28 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2021/11/29 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import itertools
 import math
 from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List
 import cv2
 import numpy as np
 def identity() -> Iterator[int]:
    """f(x) = x"""
    n = 0
    while True:
        yield n
        n += 1
 def triangular_numbers() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Triangular numbers: a(n) = C(n+1,2) = n(n+1)/2 = 0+1+2+...+n.
    http://oeis.org/A000217
    """
    n = 0
    while True:
        yield (n * (n + 1)) // 2
        n += 1
 def fermat() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Generate the n-th Fermat Number.
    https://oeis.org/A000215
    """
    y = 3
    while True:
        yield y
        y = pow(y - 1, 2) + 1
 def mersenne() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Generate 2^p - 1, where p is prime.
    https://oeis.org/A001348
    """
    prime_numbers = eratosthenes()
    while True:
        yield 2 ** next(prime_numbers) - 1
 def eratosthenes() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Generate the prime numbers with the sieve of Eratosthenes.
    https://oeis.org/A000040
    """
    d: Dict[int, List[int]] = {}
    for i in itertools.count(2):
        if i in d:
            for j in d[i]:
                d[i + j] = d.get(i + j, []) + [j]
            del d[i]
        else:
            d[i * i] = [i]
            yield i
 def composite() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Generate the composite numbers using the sieve of Eratosthenes.
    https://oeis.org/A002808
    """
    p1 = 3
    for p2 in eratosthenes():
        yield from range(p1 + 1, p2)
        p1 = p2
 def carmichael() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Composite numbers n such that a^(n-1) == 1 (mod n) for every a coprime
    to n.
    https://oeis.org/A002997
    """
    for m in composite():
        for a in range(2, m):
            if pow(a, m, m) != a:
                break
        else:
            yield m
 def ackermann_slow(m: int, n: int) -> int:
    """Ackermann number."""
    if m == 0:
        return n + 1
    elif n == 0:
        return ackermann_slow(m - 1, 1)
    else:
        return ackermann_slow(m - 1, ackermann_slow(m, n - 1))
 def ackermann_naive(m: int) -> Iterator[int]:
    """Naive Ackermann encapsulated in a generator."""
    n = 0
    while True:
        yield ackermann_slow(m, n)
        n += 1
 def ackermann_fast(m: int, n: int) -> int:
    """Ackermann number."""
    while m >= 4:
        if n == 0:
            n = 1
        else:
            n = ackermann_fast(m, n - 1)
        m -= 1
    if m == 3:
        return (1 << n + 3) - 3
    elif m == 2:
        return (n << 1) + 3
    elif m == 1:
        return n + 2
    else:
        return n + 1
 def ackermann(m: int) -> Iterator[int]:
    """Ackermann encapsulated in a generator."""
    n = 0
    while True:
        yield ackermann_fast(m, n)
        n += 1
 def fibonacci() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Generate the sequence of Fibonacci.
    https://oeis.org/A000045
    """
    a, b = 1, 2
    while True:
        yield a
        a, b = b, a + b
 def log_gen() -> Iterator[int]:
    """Logarithmic generator."""
    y = 1
    while True:
        adder = max(1, math.pow(10, int(math.log10(y))))
        yield int(y)
        y = y + int(adder)
 polys = {
    2: [2, 1],
    3: [3, 1],
    4: [4, 1],
    5: [5, 2],
    6: [6, 1],
    7: [7, 1],
    8: [8, 4, 3, 2],
    9: [9, 4],
    10: [10, 3],
    11: [11, 2],
    12: [12, 6, 4, 1],
    13: [13, 4, 3, 1],
    14: [14, 8, 6, 1],
    15: [15, 1],
    16: [16, 12, 3, 1],
    17: [17, 3],
    18: [18, 7],
    19: [19, 5, 2, 1],
    20: [20, 3],
    21: [21, 2],
    22: [22, 1],
    23: [23, 5],
    24: [24, 7, 2, 1],
    25: [25, 3],
    26: [26, 6, 2, 1],
    27: [27, 5, 2, 1],
    28: [28, 3],
    29: [29, 2],
    30: [30, 23, 2, 1],
    31: [31, 3],
 }
 def LFSR(m: int) -> Iterator[int]:
    """LFSR generator of the given size
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear-feedback_shift_register
    """
    n: int = m.bit_length() - 1
    # Set initial state to {1 0 0 ... 0}
    state: List[int] = [0] * n
    state[0] = 1
    feedback: int = 0
    poly: List[int] = polys[n]
    while True:
        # Compute the feedback bit
        feedback = 0
        for i in range(len(poly)):
            feedback = feedback ^ state[poly[i] - 1]
        # Roll the registers
        state.pop()
        # Add the feedback bit
        state.insert(0, feedback)
        # Convert the registers to an int
        out = sum(e * (2**i) for i, e in enumerate(state))
        yield out
 def shi_tomashi(
    image_path: str,
    max_corners: int = 100,
    quality: float = 0.01,
    min_distance: float = 10.0,
 ) -> Iterator[int]:
    """Shi-Tomachi corner generator of the given points
    https://docs.opencv.org/4.x/d4/d8c/tutorial_py_shi_tomasi.html
    """
    image = cv2.imread(image_path)
    gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
    corners: np.ndarray = cv2.goodFeaturesToTrack(
        gray, max_corners, quality, min_distance
    )
    corners_int: np.ndarray[Any, np.dtype[np.signedinteger[Any]]] = np.array(
        np.intp(corners)
    )
    i = 0
    while True:
        x, y = corners_int[i].ravel()
        # Compute the pixel number with top left of image as origin
        # using coordinates of the corner.
        # (y * number of pixels a row) + pixels left in last row
        yield (y * image.shape[1]) + x
        i += 1
--- a/stegano/lsb/lsb.py
+++ b/stegano/lsb/lsb.py
@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.7 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/03/13 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2019/05/31 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 from typing import IO, Iterator, Union
 from stegano import tools
 from .generators import identity
 def hide(
    image: Union[str, IO[bytes]],
    message: str,
    generator: Union[None, Iterator[int]] = None,
    shift: int = 0,
    encoding: str = "UTF-8",
    auto_convert_rgb: bool = False,
 ):
    """Hide a message (string) in an image with the
    LSB (Least Significant Bit) technique.
    """
    hider = tools.Hider(image, message, encoding, auto_convert_rgb)
    width = hider.encoded_image.width
    if not generator:
        generator = identity()
    while shift != 0:
        next(generator)
        shift -= 1
    while hider.encode_another_pixel():
        generated_number = next(generator)
        col = generated_number % width
        row = int(generated_number / width)
        hider.encode_pixel((col, row))
    return hider.encoded_image
 def reveal(
    encoded_image: Union[str, IO[bytes]],
    generator: Union[None, Iterator[int]] = None,
    shift: int = 0,
    encoding: str = "UTF-8",
    close_file: bool = True,
 ):
    """Find a message in an image (with the LSB technique)."""
    revealer = tools.Revealer(encoded_image, encoding, close_file)
    width = revealer.encoded_image.width
    if not generator:
        generator = identity()
    while shift != 0:
        next(generator)
        shift -= 1
    while True:
        generated_number = next(generator)
        col = generated_number % width
        row = int(generated_number / width)
        if revealer.decode_pixel((col, row)):
            return revealer.secret_message
--- a/stegano/red/init.py
+++ b/stegano/red/init.py
@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from .red import hide, reveal
 __all__ = ["hide", "reveal"]
--- a/stegano/red/red.py
+++ b/stegano/red/red.py
@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2024  Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.2 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/10/01 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2017/02/06 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 from typing import IO, Union, cast
 from stegano import tools
 def hide(input_image: Union[str, IO[bytes]], message: str):
    """
    Hide a message (string) in an image.
    Use the red portion of a pixel (r, g, b) tuple to
    hide the message string characters as ASCII values.
    The red value of the first pixel is used for message_length of the string.
    """
    message_length = len(message)
    assert message_length != 0, "message message_length is zero"
    assert message_length < 255, "message is too long"
    img = tools.open_image(input_image)
    # Ensure image mode is RGB
    if img.mode != "RGB":
        img = img.convert("RGB")
    # Use a copy of image to hide the text in
    encoded = img.copy()
    width, height = img.size
    index = 0
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            pixel = cast(tuple[int, int, int], img.getpixel((col, row)))
            r, g, b = pixel
            # first value is message_length of message
            if row == 0 and col == 0 and index < message_length:
                asc = message_length
            elif index <= message_length:
                c = message[index - 1]
                asc = ord(c)
            else:
                asc = r
            encoded.putpixel((col, row), (asc, g, b))
            index += 1
    img.close()
    return encoded
 def reveal(input_image: Union[str, IO[bytes]]):
    """
    Find a message in an image.
    Check the red portion of an pixel (r, g, b) tuple for
    hidden message characters (ASCII values).
    The red value of the first pixel is used for message_length of string.
    """
    img = tools.open_image(input_image)
    # Ensure image mode is RGB
    if img.mode != "RGB":
        img = img.convert("RGB")
    width, height = img.size
    message = ""
    index = 0
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            pixel = cast(tuple[int, int, int], img.getpixel((col, row)))
            r, g, b = pixel
            # First pixel r value is length of message
            if row == 0 and col == 0:
                message_length = r
            elif index <= message_length:
                message += chr(r)
            index += 1
    img.close()
    return message
--- a/stegano/slsb.py
+++ b/stegano/slsb.py
@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2011  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.2 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/03/24 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import sys
 from PIL import Image
 from . import tools
 def hide(input_image_file, message):
    """
    Hide a message (string) in an image with the
    LSB (Least Significant Bit) technique.
    """
    img = Image.open(input_image_file)
    encoded = img.copy()
    width, height = img.size
    index = 0
    message = str(len(message)) + ":" + message
    #message_bits = tools.a2bits(message)
    message_bits = "".join(tools.a2bits_list(message))
    npixels = width * height
    if len(message_bits) > npixels * 3:
        raise Exception("""The message you want to hide is too long (%s > %s).""" % (len(message_bits), npixels * 3))
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            if index + 3 <= len(message_bits) :
                # Get the colour component.
                (r, g, b) = img.getpixel((col, row))
                # Change the Least Significant Bit of each colour component.
                r = tools.setlsb(r, message_bits[index])
                g = tools.setlsb(g, message_bits[index+1])
                b = tools.setlsb(b, message_bits[index+2])
                # Save the new pixel
                encoded.putpixel((col, row), (r, g , b))
            index += 3
    return encoded
 def reveal(input_image_file):
    """
    Find a message in an image
    (with the LSB technique).
    """
    img = Image.open(input_image_file)
    width, height = img.size
    buff, count = 0, 0
    bitab = []
    limit = None
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            # color = [r, g, b]
            for color in img.getpixel((col, row)):
                buff += (color&1)<<(7-count)
                count += 1
                if count == 8:
                    bitab.append(chr(buff))
                    buff, count = 0, 0
                    if bitab[-1] == ":" and limit == None:
                        try:
                            limit = int("".join(bitab[:-1]))
                        except:
                            pass
            if len(bitab)-len(str(limit))-1 == limit :
                return "".join(bitab)[len(str(limit))+1:]
    return ""
 def write(image, output_image_file):
    """
    """
    try:
        image.save(output_image_file)
    except Exception as e:
        # If hide() returns an error (Too long message).
        print(e)
 if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    from optparse import OptionParser
    parser = OptionParser(version=__version__)
    parser.add_option('--hide', action='store_true', default=False,
                      help="Hides a message in an image.")
    parser.add_option('--reveal', action='store_true', default=False,
                      help="Reveals the message hided in an image.")
    # Original image
    parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                    help="Input image file.")
    # Image containing the secret
    parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                    help="Output image containing the secret.")
    # Non binary secret message to hide
    parser.add_option("-m", "--secret-message", dest="secret_message",
                    help="Your secret message to hide (non binary).")
    # Binary secret to hide (OGG, executable, etc.)
    parser.add_option("-f", "--secret-file", dest="secret_file",
                    help="Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file).")
    # Output for the binary binary secret.
    parser.add_option("-b", "--binary", dest="secret_binary",
                    help="Output for the binary secret (Text or any binary file).")
    parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                        output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_enc.png',
                        secret_message = '', secret_file = '', secret_binary = "")
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
    if options.hide:
        if options.secret_message != "" and options.secret_file == "":
            secret = options.secret_message
        elif options.secret_message == "" and options.secret_file != "":
            secret = tools.binary2base64(options.secret_file)
        img_encoded = hide(options.input_image_file, secret)
        try:
            img_encoded.save(options.output_image_file)
        except Exception as e:
            # If hide() returns an error (Too long message).
            print(e)
    elif options.reveal:
        secret = reveal(options.input_image_file)
        if options.secret_binary != "":
            data = tools.base642binary(secret)
            with open(options.secret_binary, "w") as f:
                f.write(data)
        else:
            print(secret)
--- a/stegano/slsbset.py
+++ b/stegano/slsbset.py
@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2013  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.4 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2011/12/28 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import sys
 from PIL import Image
 from . import tools
 from . import generators
 def hide(input_image_file, message, generator_function):
    """
    Hide a message (string) in an image with the
    LSB (Least Significant Bit) technique.
    """
    img = Image.open(input_image_file)
    img_list = list(img.getdata())
    width, height = img.size
    index = 0
    message = str(len(message)) + ":" + message
    #message_bits = tools.a2bits(message)
    message_bits = "".join(tools.a2bits_list(message))
    npixels = width * height
    if len(message_bits) > npixels * 3:
        raise Exception("""The message you want to hide is too long (%s > %s).""" % (len(message_bits), npixels * 3))
    generator = getattr(generators, generator_function)()
    while index + 3 <= len(message_bits) :
        generated_number = next(generator)
        (r, g, b) = img_list[generated_number]
        # Change the Least Significant Bit of each colour component.
        r = tools.setlsb(r, message_bits[index])
        g = tools.setlsb(g, message_bits[index+1])
        b = tools.setlsb(b, message_bits[index+2])
        # Save the new pixel
        img_list[generated_number] = (r, g , b)
        index += 3
    # create empty new image of appropriate format
    encoded = Image.new('RGB', (img.size))
    # insert saved data into the image
    encoded.putdata(img_list)
    return encoded
 def reveal(input_image_file, generator_function):
    """
    Find a message in an image
    (with the LSB technique).
    """
    img = Image.open(input_image_file)
    img_list = list(img.getdata())
    width, height = img.size
    buff, count = 0, 0
    bitab = []
    limit = None
    generator = getattr(generators, generator_function)()
    while True:
        generated_number = next(generator)
        # color = [r, g, b]
        for color in img_list[generated_number]:
            buff += (color&1)<<(7-count)
            count += 1
            if count == 8:
                bitab.append(chr(buff))
                buff, count = 0, 0
                if bitab[-1] == ":" and limit == None:
                    try:
                        limit = int("".join(bitab[:-1]))
                    except:
                        pass
        if len(bitab)-len(str(limit))-1 == limit :
            return "".join(bitab)[len(str(limit))+1:]
    return ""
 def write(image, output_image_file):
    """
    """
    try:
        image.save(output_image_file)
    except Exception as e:
        # If hide() returns an error (Too long message).
        print(e)
 if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    from optparse import OptionParser
    parser = OptionParser(version=__version__)
    parser.add_option('--hide', action='store_true', default=False,
                      help="Hides a message in an image.")
    parser.add_option('--reveal', action='store_true', default=False,
                      help="Reveals the message hided in an image.")
    # Original image
    parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                    help="Input image file.")
    # Generator
    parser.add_option("-g", "--generator", dest="generator_function",
                    help="Generator")
    # Image containing the secret
    parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                    help="Output image containing the secret.")
    # Non binary secret message to hide
    parser.add_option("-m", "--secret-message", dest="secret_message",
                    help="Your secret message to hide (non binary).")
    # Binary secret to hide (OGG, executable, etc.)
    parser.add_option("-f", "--secret-file", dest="secret_file",
                    help="Your secret to hide (Text or any binary file).")
    # Output for the binary binary secret.
    parser.add_option("-b", "--binary", dest="secret_binary",
                    help="Output for the binary secret (Text or any binary file).")
    parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                        generator_function = 'fermat',
                        output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_enc.png',
                        secret_message = '', secret_file = '', secret_binary = "")
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
    if options.hide:
        if options.secret_message != "" and options.secret_file == "":
            secret = options.secret_message
        elif options.secret_message == "" and options.secret_file != "":
            secret = tools.binary2base64(options.secret_file)
        img_encoded = hide(options.input_image_file, secret, options.generator_function)
        try:
            img_encoded.save(options.output_image_file)
        except Exception as e:
            # If hide() returns an error (Too long message).
            print(e)
    elif options.reveal:
        try:
            secret = reveal(options.input_image_file, options.generator_function)
        except IndexError:
            print("Impossible to detect message.")
            exit(0)
        if options.secret_binary != "":
            data = tools.base642binary(secret)
            with open(options.secret_binary, "w") as f:
                f.write(data)
        else:
            print(secret)
--- a/stegano/steganalysis/init.py
+++ b/stegano/steganalysis/init.py
@ -1 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
--- a/stegano/steganalysis/statistics.py
+++ b/stegano/steganalysis/statistics.py
@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.2 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/10/01 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2021/11/01 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import typing
 from collections import Counter, OrderedDict
 def steganalyse(img):
    """
    Steganlysis of the LSB technique.
    """
    width, height = img.size
    colours_counter: typing.Counter[int] = Counter()
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            r, g, b = img.getpixel((col, row))
            colours_counter[r] += 1
    most_common = colours_counter.most_common(10)
    dict_colours = OrderedDict(
        sorted(list(colours_counter.items()), key=lambda t: t[1])
    )
    colours: float = 0
    for colour in list(dict_colours.keys()):
        colours += colour
    colours = colours / len(dict_colours)
    # return colours.most_common(10)
    return list(dict_colours.keys())[:30], most_common
--- a/stegano/steganalysis/parity.py
+++ b/stegano/steganalysis/parity.py
@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
+#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
+
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2013  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
-# For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
+# For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@ -18,28 +20,22 @@
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
-__version__ = "$Revision: 0.9.4 $"
+__version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/10/01 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2019/06/06 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 from typing import cast
 from PIL import Image
-
+def steganalyse(img):
 def steganalyse(img: Image.Image) -> Image.Image:
    """
    Steganlysis of the LSB technique.
    """
-    encoded = Image.new(img.mode, (img.size))
+    encoded = img.copy()
    width, height = img.size
    bits = ""
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
-            if pixel := cast(tuple[int, int, int], img.getpixel((col, row))):
+            r, g, b = img.getpixel((col, row))
                r, g, b = pixel[0:3]
            else:
                raise Exception("Error during steganlysis.")
            if r % 2 == 0:
                r = 0
            else:
@ -52,5 +48,21 @@ def steganalyse(img: Image.Image) -> Image.Image:
                b = 0
            else:
                b = 255
-            encoded.putpixel((col, row), (r, g, b))
+            encoded.putpixel((col, row), (r, g , b))
    return encoded
 if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    from optparse import OptionParser
    parser = OptionParser()
    parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                    help="Image file")
    parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                    help="Image file")
    parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                        output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_steganalysed.png')
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
    input_image_file = Image.open(options.input_image_file)
    output_image = steganalyse(input_image_file)
    output_image.save(options.output_image_file)
--- a/stegano/steganalysisStatistics.py
+++ b/stegano/steganalysisStatistics.py
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2013  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
 # For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/10/01 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import operator
 from PIL import Image
 from collections import Counter
 from collections import OrderedDict
 def steganalyse(img):
    """
    Steganlysis of the LSB technique.
    """
    encoded = img.copy()
    width, height = img.size
    colours = Counter()
    for row in range(height):
        for col in range(width):
            r, g, b = img.getpixel((col, row))
            colours[r] += 1
    most_common = colours.most_common(10)
    dict_colours = OrderedDict(sorted(list(colours.items()), key=lambda t: t[1]))
    colours = 0
    for colour in list(dict_colours.keys()):
        colours += colour
    colours = colours / len(dict_colours)
    #return colours.most_common(10)
    return list(dict_colours.keys())[:30], most_common
 if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Point of entry in execution mode.
    from optparse import OptionParser
    parser = OptionParser()
    parser.add_option("-i", "--input", dest="input_image_file",
                    help="Image file.")
    parser.add_option("-o", "--output", dest="output_image_file",
                    help="Image file.")
    parser.set_defaults(input_image_file = './pictures/Lenna.png',
                        output_image_file = './pictures/Lenna_steganalysed.png')
    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
    input_image_file = Image.open(options.input_image_file)
    output_image = steganalyse(input_image_file)
    soutput_image.save(options.output_image_file)
--- a/stegano/tools.py
+++ b/stegano/tools.py
@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
+
 # Stéganô - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2013  Cédric Bonhomme - http://cedricbonhomme.org/
 #
-# For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
+# For more information : http://bitbucket.org/cedricbonhomme/stegano/
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@ -18,32 +20,25 @@
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
-__version__ = "$Revision: 0.3 $"
+__version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/10/01 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2017/05/04 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import base64
 import itertools
 from functools import reduce
 from typing import IO, List, Union, cast
-from PIL import Image
+def a2bits(chars):
-
+    """
-ENCODINGS = {"UTF-8": 8, "UTF-32LE": 32}
+    Converts a string to its bits representation as a string of 0's and 1's.
 def a2bits(chars: str) -> str:
    """Converts a string to its bits representation as a string of 0's and 1's.
    >>> a2bits("Hello World!")
    '010010000110010101101100011011000110111100100000010101110110111101110010011011000110010000100001'
    """
-    return bin(reduce(lambda x, y: (x << 8) + y, (ord(c) for c in chars), 1))[3:]
+    return bin(reduce(lambda x, y : (x<<8)+y, (ord(c) for c in chars), 1))[3:]
-
+def a2bits_list(chars):
-def a2bits_list(chars: str, encoding: str = "UTF-8") -> List[str]:
+    """
-    """Convert a string to its bits representation as a list of 0's and 1's.
+    Convert a string to its bits representation as a list of 0's and 1's.
    >>>  a2bits_list("Hello World!")
    ['01001000',
@ -61,170 +56,55 @@ def a2bits_list(chars: str, encoding: str = "UTF-8") -> List[str]:
    >>> "".join(a2bits_list("Hello World!"))
    '010010000110010101101100011011000110111100100000010101110110111101110010011011000110010000100001'
    """
-    return [bin(ord(x))[2:].rjust(ENCODINGS[encoding], "0") for x in chars]
+    return [bin(ord(x))[2:].rjust(8,"0") for x in chars]
 def bs(s):
    """
    Converts an int to its bits representation as a string of 0's and 1's.
    """
    return str(s) if s<=1 else bs(s>>1) + str(s&1)
-def bs(s: int) -> str:
+def setlsb(component, bit):
-    """Converts an int to its bits representation as a string of 0's and 1's."""
+    """
-    return str(s) if s <= 1 else bs(s >> 1) + str(s & 1)
+    Set Least Significant Bit of a colour component.
-
+    """
 def setlsb(component: int, bit: str) -> int:
    """Set Least Significant Bit of a colour component."""
    return component & ~1 | int(bit)
-
+def n_at_a_time(items, n, fillvalue):
-def n_at_a_time(items: List[int], n: int, fillvalue: str):
+    """
-    """Returns an iterator which groups n items at a time.
+    Returns an iterator which groups n items at a time.
    Any final partial tuple will be padded with the fillvalue
    >>> list(n_at_a_time([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2, 'X'))
    [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 'X')]
    """
    it = iter(items)
-    return itertools.zip_longest(*[it] * n, fillvalue=fillvalue)
+    return its.izip_longest(*[it] * n, fillvalue=fillvalue)
-
+def binary2base64(binary_file):
-def binary2base64(binary_file: str) -> str:
+    """
-    """Convert a binary file (OGG, executable, etc.) to a
+    Convert a binary file (OGG, executable, etc.) to a
    printable string.
    """
    # Use mode = "rb" to read binary file
-    with open(binary_file, "rb") as bin_file:
+    fin = open(binary_file, "rb")
-        encoded_string = base64.b64encode(bin_file.read())
+    binary_data = fin.read()
-    return encoded_string.decode()
+    fin.close()
    # Encode binary to base64 string (printable)
    return  base64.b64encode(binary_data)
-def base642binary(b64_fname: str) -> bytes:
+    """fout = open(output_file, "w")
-    """Convert a printable string to a binary file."""
+    fout.write(b64_data)
-    b64_fname += "==="
+    fout.close"""
    return base64.b64decode(b64_fname)
-
+def base642binary(b64_fname):
 def open_image(fname_or_instance: Union[str, IO[bytes], Image.Image]) -> Image.Image:
    """Opens an image and returns it.
    :param fname_or_instance: Can be a path to the image (str),
                              a file-like object (IO[bytes]),
                              or a PIL Image instance.
    """
-    if isinstance(fname_or_instance, Image.Image):
+    Convert a printable file to a binary file.
-        return fname_or_instance
+    """
-
+    # Read base64 string
-    return Image.open(fname_or_instance)
+    #fin = open(b64_fname, "r")
-
+    #b64_str = fin.read()
-
+    #fin.close()
-class Hider:
+    # Decode base64 string to original binary sound object
-    def __init__(
+    return base64.b64decode(b64_fname)
        self,
        input_image: Union[str, IO[bytes]],
        message: str,
        encoding: str = "UTF-8",
        auto_convert_rgb: bool = False,
    ):
        self._index = 0
        message_length = len(message)
        assert message_length != 0, "message length is zero"
        image = open_image(input_image)
        if image.mode not in ["RGB", "RGBA"]:
            if not auto_convert_rgb:
                print(f"The mode of the image is not RGB. Mode is {image.mode}")
                answer = input("Convert the image to RGB ? [Y / n]\n") or "Y"
                if answer.lower() == "n":
                    raise Exception("Not a RGB image.")
            image = image.convert("RGB")
        self.encoded_image = image.copy()
        image.close()
        message = str(message_length) + ":" + str(message)
        self._message_bits = "".join(a2bits_list(message, encoding))
        self._message_bits += "0" * ((3 - (len(self._message_bits) % 3)) % 3)
        width, height = self.encoded_image.size
        npixels = width * height
        self._len_message_bits = len(self._message_bits)
        if self._len_message_bits > npixels * 3:
            raise Exception(
                f"The message you want to hide is too long: {message_length}"
            )
    def encode_another_pixel(self):
        return True if self._index + 3 <= self._len_message_bits else False
    def encode_pixel(self, coordinate: tuple):
        # Determine expected pixel format based on mode
        if self.encoded_image.mode == "RGBA":
            r, g, b, *a = cast(
                tuple[int, int, int, int], self.encoded_image.getpixel(coordinate)
            )
        else:
            r, g, b, *a = cast(
                tuple[int, int, int], self.encoded_image.getpixel(coordinate)
            )
        # Change the Least Significant Bit of each colour component.
        r = setlsb(r, self._message_bits[self._index])
        g = setlsb(g, self._message_bits[self._index + 1])
        b = setlsb(b, self._message_bits[self._index + 2])
        # Save the new pixel
        if self.encoded_image.mode == "RGBA":
            self.encoded_image.putpixel(coordinate, (r, g, b, *a))
        else:
            self.encoded_image.putpixel(coordinate, (r, g, b))
        self._index += 3
 class Revealer:
    def __init__(
        self,
        encoded_image: Union[str, IO[bytes]],
        encoding: str = "UTF-8",
        close_file: bool = True,
    ):
        self.encoded_image = open_image(encoded_image)
        self._encoding_length = ENCODINGS[encoding]
        self._buff, self._count = 0, 0
        self._bitab: List[str] = []
        self._limit: Union[None, int] = None
        self.secret_message = ""
        self.close_file = close_file
    def decode_pixel(self, coordinate: tuple):
        # Tell mypy that this will be a 3- or 4-tuple of ints
        pixel = cast(
            tuple[int, int, int] | tuple[int, int, int, int],
            self.encoded_image.getpixel(coordinate),
        )
        if self.encoded_image.mode == "RGBA":
            pixel = pixel[:3]  # ignore the alpha
        for color in pixel:
            self._buff += (color & 1) << (self._encoding_length - 1 - self._count)
            self._count += 1
            if self._count == self._encoding_length:
                self._bitab.append(chr(self._buff))
                self._buff, self._count = 0, 0
                if self._bitab[-1] == ":" and self._limit is None:
                    if "".join(self._bitab[:-1]).isdigit():
                        self._limit = int("".join(self._bitab[:-1]))
                    else:
                        raise IndexError("Impossible to detect message.")
        if len(self._bitab) - len(str(self._limit)) - 1 == self._limit:
            self.secret_message = "".join(self._bitab)[len(str(self._limit)) + 1 :]
            if self.close_file:
                self.encoded_image.close()
            return True
        else:
            return False
--- a/stegano/wav/init.py
+++ b/stegano/wav/init.py
@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 from .wav import hide, reveal
 __all__ = ["hide", "reveal"]
--- a/stegano/wav/wav.py
+++ b/stegano/wav/wav.py
@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stéganô is a basic Python Steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2024  Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.2 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2010/10/01 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2017/02/06 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import wave
 from typing import IO, Union
 from stegano import tools
 def hide(
    input_file: Union[str, IO[bytes]],
    message: str,
    output_file: Union[str, IO[bytes]],
    encoding: str = "UTF-8",
 ):
    """
    Hide a message (string) in a .wav audio file.
    Use the lsb of each PCM encoded sample to hide the message string characters as ASCII values.
    The first eight bits are used for message_length of the string.
    """
    message_length = len(message)
    assert message_length != 0, "message message_length is zero"
    assert message_length < 255, "message is too long"
    output = wave.open(output_file, "wb")
    with wave.open(input_file, "rb") as input:
        # get .wav params
        nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, _ = input.getparams()
        assert comptype == "NONE", "only uncompressed files are supported"
        nsamples = nframes * nchannels
        message_bits = f"{message_length:08b}" + "".join(
            tools.a2bits_list(message, encoding)
        )
        assert len(message_bits) <= nsamples, "message is too long"
        # copy over .wav params to output
        output.setnchannels(nchannels)
        output.setsampwidth(sampwidth)
        output.setframerate(framerate)
        # encode message in frames
        frames = bytearray(input.readframes(nsamples))
        for i in range(nsamples):
            if i < len(message_bits):
                if message_bits[i] == "0":
                    frames[i] = frames[i] & ~1
                else:
                    frames[i] = frames[i] | 1
        # write out
        output.writeframes(frames)
 def reveal(input_file: Union[str, IO[bytes]], encoding: str = "UTF-8"):
    """
    Find a message in an image.
    Check the lsb of each PCM encoded sample for hidden message characters (ASCII values).
    The first eight bits are used for message_length of the string.
    """
    message = ""
    encoding_len = tools.ENCODINGS[encoding]
    with wave.open(input_file, "rb") as input:
        nchannels, _, _, nframes, comptype, _ = input.getparams()
        assert comptype == "NONE", "only uncompressed files are supported"
        nsamples = nframes * nchannels
        frames = bytearray(input.readframes(nsamples))
        # Read first 8 bits for message length
        length_bits = ""
        for i in range(8):
            length_bits += str(frames[i] & 1)
        message_length = int(length_bits, 2)
        # Read message bits
        message_bits = ""
        for i in range(8, 8 + message_length * encoding_len):
            message_bits += str(frames[i] & 1)
        # Convert bits to string
        chars = [
            chr(int(message_bits[i : i + encoding_len], 2))
            for i in range(0, len(message_bits), encoding_len)
        ]
        message = "".join(chars)
    return message
--- a/tests/init.py
+++ b/tests/init.py
--- a/tests/expected-results/LFSR
+++ b/tests/expected-results/LFSR
@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
 2
 5
 11
 22
 44
 88
 177
 99
 199
 143
 30
 61
 122
 244
 232
 208
 161
 67
 135
 15
 31
 63
 127
 255
 254
 252
 249
 242
 228
 200
 144
 33
 66
 133
 10
 20
 41
 83
 167
 79
 159
 62
 125
 250
 245
 234
 213
 170
 85
 171
 87
 174
 92
 184
 112
 224
 193
 131
 6
 12
 24
 49
 98
 197
 138
 21
 43
 86
 172
 89
 179
 102
 204
 153
 50
 101
 203
 151
 47
 95
 191
 126
 253
 251
 247
 239
 222
 188
 121
 243
 230
 205
 155
 55
 110
 221
 187
 119
 238
 220
 185
 114
 229
 202
 149
 42
 84
 169
 82
 165
 74
 148
 40
 81
 162
 68
 137
 18
 37
 75
 150
 45
 90
 180
 104
 209
 163
 70
 140
 25
 51
 103
 206
 156
 57
 115
 231
 207
 158
 60
 120
 241
 227
 198
 141
 27
 54
 108
 216
 176
 97
 194
 132
 8
 17
 34
 69
 139
 23
 46
 93
 186
 117
 235
 215
 175
 94
 189
 123
 246
 237
 219
 183
 111
 223
 190
 124
 248
 240
 225
 195
 134
 13
 26
 52
 105
 211
 166
 77
 154
 53
 107
 214
 173
 91
 182
 109
 218
 181
 106
 212
 168
 80
 160
 65
 130
 4
 9
 19
 39
 78
 157
 59
 118
 236
 217
 178
 100
 201
 146
 36
 73
 147
 38
 76
 152
 48
 96
 192
 129
 3
 7
 14
 29
 58
 116
 233
 210
 164
 72
 145
 35
 71
 142
 28
 56
 113
 226
 196
 136
 16
 32
 64
 128
 1
 2
--- a/tests/expected-results/ackermann
+++ b/tests/expected-results/ackermann
--- a/tests/expected-results/binary2base64
+++ b/tests/expected-results/binary2base64
--- a/tests/expected-results/carmichael
+++ b/tests/expected-results/carmichael
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
 561
 1105
 1729
 2465
 2821
 6601
 8911
 10585
 15841
 29341
 41041
 46657
 52633
 62745
 63973
 75361
 101101
 115921
 126217
 162401
 172081
 188461
 252601
 278545
 294409
 314821
 334153
 340561
 399001
 410041
 449065
 488881
 512461
--- a/tests/expected-results/composite
+++ b/tests/expected-results/composite
@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
 4
 6
 8
 9
 10
 12
 14
 15
 16
 18
 20
 21
 22
 24
 25
 26
 27
 28
 30
 32
 33
 34
 35
 36
 38
 39
 40
 42
 44
 45
 46
 48
 49
 50
 51
 52
 54
 55
 56
 57
 58
 60
 62
 63
 64
 65
 66
 68
 69
 70
 72
 74
 75
 76
 77
 78
 80
 81
 82
 84
 85
 86
 87
 88
 90
 91
 92
 93
 94
 95
 96
 98
 99
 100
 102
 104
 105
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 133
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 142
 143
 144
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 148
 150
--- a/tests/expected-results/eratosthenes
+++ b/tests/expected-results/eratosthenes
@ -1,168 +0,0 @@
 2
 3
 5
 7
 11
 13
 17
 19
 23
 29
 31
 37
 41
 43
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 53
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 641
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 691
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 719
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 787
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 883
 887
 907
 911
 919
 929
 937
 941
 947
 953
 967
 971
 977
 983
 991
 997
--- a/tests/expected-results/fermat
+++ b/tests/expected-results/fermat
@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
 3
 5
 17
 257
 65537
 4294967297
 18446744073709551617
 340282366920938463463374607431768211457
 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639937
--- a/tests/expected-results/mersenne
+++ b/tests/expected-results/mersenne
@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
 3
 7
 31
 127
 2047
 8191
 131071
 524287
 8388607
 536870911
 2147483647
 137438953471
 2199023255551
 8796093022207
 140737488355327
 9007199254740991
 576460752303423487
 2305843009213693951
 147573952589676412927
 2361183241434822606847
--- a/tests/expected-results/parity.png
+++ b/tests/expected-results/parity.png
--- a/tests/expected-results/parity_rgba.png
+++ b/tests/expected-results/parity_rgba.png
--- a/tests/expected-results/shi_tomashi.txt
+++ b/tests/expected-results/shi_tomashi.txt
--- a/tests/expected-results/statistics
+++ b/tests/expected-results/statistics
@ -1 +0,0 @@
 ([58, 56, 54, 57, 60, 59, 62, 61, 63, 65, 64, 66, 67, 254, 68, 69, 255, 70, 253, 71, 72, 74, 252, 73, 251, 250, 75, 249, 76, 77], [(224, 4327), (221, 4138), (223, 4057), (222, 3987), (225, 3713), (220, 3554), (209, 3516), (207, 3476), (208, 3424), (219, 3360)])
--- a/tests/expected-results/triangular_numbers
+++ b/tests/expected-results/triangular_numbers
@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
 0
 1
 3
 6
 10
 15
 21
 28
 36
 45
 55
 66
 78
 91
 105
 120
 136
 153
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 435
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 528
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 666
 703
 741
 780
 820
 861
 903
 946
 990
 1035
 1081
 1128
 1176
 1225
 1275
 1326
 1378
 1431
--- a/tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg
+++ b/tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg
--- a/tests/sample-files/Lenna-grayscale.png
+++ b/tests/sample-files/Lenna-grayscale.png
--- a/tests/sample-files/Lenna.jpg
+++ b/tests/sample-files/Lenna.jpg
--- a/tests/sample-files/free-software-song.ogg
+++ b/tests/sample-files/free-software-song.ogg
--- a/tests/sample-files/free-software-song.wav
+++ b/tests/sample-files/free-software-song.wav
--- a/tests/sample-files/transparent.png
+++ b/tests/sample-files/transparent.png
--- a/tests/test_exifHeader.py
+++ b/tests/test_exifHeader.py
@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.2 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/05/17 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2017/01/18 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import io
 import os
 import unittest
 from stegano import exifHeader
 class TestEXIFHeader(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_hide_empty_message(self):
        """Test hiding the empty string."""
        exifHeader.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg", "./image.jpg", secret_message=""
        )
        clear_message = exifHeader.reveal("./image.jpg")
        self.assertEqual(b"", clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["a", "foo", "Hello World!", ":Python:"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            exifHeader.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg",
                "./image.jpg",
                secret_message=message,
            )
            clear_message = exifHeader.reveal("./image.jpg")
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message.decode())
    def test_with_image_without_exif_data(self):
        exifHeader.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.jpg", "./image.jpg", secret_message=""
        )
        clear_message = exifHeader.reveal("./image.jpg")
        self.assertEqual(b"", clear_message)
    def test_with_text_file(self):
        text_file_to_hide = "./tests/sample-files/lorem_ipsum.txt"
        with open(text_file_to_hide, "rb") as f:
            message = f.read()
        exifHeader.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg",
            img_enc="./image.jpg",
            secret_file=text_file_to_hide,
        )
        clear_message = exifHeader.reveal("./image.jpg")
        self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_with_png_image(self):
        exifHeader.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", "./image.png", secret_message="Secret"
        )
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            exifHeader.reveal("./image.png")
    def test_with_bytes(self):
        outputBytes = io.BytesIO()
        message = b"Secret"
        with open("./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg", "rb") as f:
            exifHeader.hide(f, outputBytes, secret_message=message)
            clear_message = exifHeader.reveal(outputBytes)
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def tearDown(self):
        try:
            os.unlink("./image.jpg")
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            os.unlink("./image.png")
        except Exception:
            pass
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()
--- a/tests/test_generators.py
+++ b/tests/test_generators.py
@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2017/03/01 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2017/03/01 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import itertools
 import unittest
 import cv2
 import numpy as np
 from stegano.lsb import generators
 class TestGenerators(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_identity(self):
        """Test the identity generator."""
        self.assertEqual(
            tuple(itertools.islice(generators.identity(), 15)),
            (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14),
        )
    def test_fibonacci(self):
        """Test the Fibonacci generator."""
        self.assertEqual(
            tuple(itertools.islice(generators.fibonacci(), 20)),
            (
                1,
                2,
                3,
                5,
                8,
                13,
                21,
                34,
                55,
                89,
                144,
                233,
                377,
                610,
                987,
                1597,
                2584,
                4181,
                6765,
                10946,
            ),
        )
    def test_eratosthenes(self):
        """Test the Eratosthenes sieve."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/eratosthenes") as f:
            self.assertEqual(
                tuple(itertools.islice(generators.eratosthenes(), 168)),
                tuple(int(line) for line in f),
            )
    def test_composite(self):
        """Test the composite sieve."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/composite") as f:
            self.assertEqual(
                tuple(itertools.islice(generators.composite(), 114)),
                tuple(int(line) for line in f),
            )
    def test_fermat(self):
        """Test the Fermat generator."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/fermat") as f:
            self.assertEqual(
                tuple(itertools.islice(generators.fermat(), 9)),
                tuple(int(line) for line in f),
            )
    def test_triangular_numbers(self):
        """Test the Triangular numbers generator."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/triangular_numbers") as f:
            self.assertEqual(
                tuple(itertools.islice(generators.triangular_numbers(), 54)),
                tuple(int(line) for line in f),
            )
    def test_mersenne(self):
        """Test the Mersenne generator."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/mersenne") as f:
            self.assertEqual(
                tuple(itertools.islice(generators.mersenne(), 20)),
                tuple(int(line) for line in f),
            )
    def test_carmichael(self):
        """Test the Carmichael generator."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/carmichael") as f:
            self.assertEqual(
                tuple(itertools.islice(generators.carmichael(), 33)),
                tuple(int(line) for line in f),
            )
    def test_ackermann_slow(self):
        """Test the Ackermann set."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/ackermann") as f:
            self.assertEqual(generators.ackermann_slow(3, 1), int(f.readline()))
            self.assertEqual(generators.ackermann_slow(3, 2), int(f.readline()))
    def test_ackermann_naive(self):
        """Test the Naive Ackermann generator"""
        gen = generators.ackermann_naive(3)
        next(gen)
        with open("./tests/expected-results/ackermann") as f:
            self.assertEqual(next(gen), int(f.readline()))
            self.assertEqual(next(gen), int(f.readline()))
    def test_ackermann_fast(self):
        """Test the Ackermann set."""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/ackermann") as f:
            self.assertEqual(generators.ackermann_fast(3, 1), int(f.readline()))
            self.assertEqual(generators.ackermann_fast(3, 2), int(f.readline()))
            self.assertEqual(generators.ackermann_fast(4, 1), int(f.readline()))
    def test_ackermann(self):
        """Test the Ackermann generator"""
        gen = generators.ackermann(3)
        next(gen)
        with open("./tests/expected-results/ackermann") as f:
            self.assertEqual(next(gen), int(f.readline()))
            self.assertEqual(next(gen), int(f.readline()))
    def test_LFSR(self):
        """Test the LFSR generator"""
        with open("./tests/expected-results/LFSR") as f:
            self.assertEqual(
                tuple(itertools.islice(generators.LFSR(2**8), 256)),
                tuple(int(line) for line in f),
            )
    def test_shi_tomashi(self):
        """Test the Shi Tomashi generator"""
        # The expected results are only for tests/sample-files/Montenach.png file and
        # the below mentioned shi-tomashi configuration.
        # If the values below are changed,
        # please ensure the tests/expected-results/shi_tomashi.txt
        # is also appropriately modified
        # Using the shi_tomashi_reconfigure static method
        image = cv2.imread("tests/sample-files/Montenach.png")
        gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
        corners = cv2.goodFeaturesToTrack(gray, 1000, 0.001, 10)
        # Commented because min_distance argument of generators.shi_tomashi is now set
        # to 10.0:
        # corners = np.int0(corners)
        corners = corners.reshape(corners.shape[0], -1)
        test_file = np.loadtxt("tests/expected-results/shi_tomashi.txt")
        test_file_reshaped = test_file.reshape(
            int(test_file.shape[0]), int(test_file.shape[1])
        )
        res = np.testing.assert_allclose(corners, test_file_reshaped, rtol=1e-0, atol=0)  # type: ignore
        self.assertIsNone(res)
    @staticmethod
    def shi_tomashi_reconfigure(
        file_name: str,
        max_corners: int = 1000,
        quality: float = 0.001,
        min_distance: int = 10,
    ):
        """
        Method to update/reconfigure Shi-Tomashi for various images and configuration
        """
        image = cv2.imread(file_name)
        gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
        corners = cv2.goodFeaturesToTrack(gray, max_corners, quality, min_distance)
        # Commented because min_distance argument of generators.shi_tomashi is now set
        # to 10.0:
        # corners = np.int0(corners)
        corners = corners.reshape(corners.shape[0], -1)
        np.savetxt("tests/expected-results/shi_tomashi.txt", corners)
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()
--- a/tests/test_lsb.py
+++ b/tests/test_lsb.py
@ -1,248 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2024  Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.6 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/04/13 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2022/01/04 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import io
 import os
 import unittest
 from unittest.mock import patch
 from stegano import lsb
 from stegano.lsb import generators
 class TestLSB(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_hide_empty_message(self):
        """
        Test hiding the empty string.
        """
        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
            lsb.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", "", generators.eratosthenes())
    def test_hide_and_reveal_without_generator(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["a", "foo", "Hello World!", ":Python:"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message)
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal("./image.png")
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal_with_eratosthenes(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["a", "foo", "Hello World!", ":Python:"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message, generators.eratosthenes()
            )
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.eratosthenes())
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal_with_ackermann(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["foo"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message, generators.ackermann(m=3)
            )
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.ackermann(m=3))
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal_with_ackermann_naive(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["foo"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png",
                message,
                generators.ackermann_naive(m=2),
            )
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.ackermann_naive(m=2))
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal_with_mersenne(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["f"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Montenach.png",
                message,
                generators.mersenne(),
            )
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.mersenne())
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal_with_shi_tomashi(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["foo bar"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png",
                message,
                generators.shi_tomashi("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png"),
            )
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal(
                "./image.png", generators.shi_tomashi("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png")
            )
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal_with_shift(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["a", "foo", "Hello World!", ":Python:"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message, generators.eratosthenes(), 4
            )
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.eratosthenes(), 4)
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_hide_and_reveal_UTF32LE(self):
        messages_to_hide = "I love 🍕 and 🍫!"
        secret = lsb.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png",
            messages_to_hide,
            generators.eratosthenes(),
            encoding="UTF-32LE",
        )
        secret.save("./image.png")
        clear_message = lsb.reveal(
            "./image.png", generators.eratosthenes(), encoding="UTF-32LE"
        )
        self.assertEqual(messages_to_hide, clear_message)
    def test_with_transparent_png(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["a", "foo", "Hello World!", ":Python:"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/transparent.png",
                message,
                generators.eratosthenes(),
            )
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.eratosthenes())
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    @patch("builtins.input", return_value="y")
    def test_manual_convert_rgb(self, input):
        message_to_hide = "Hello World!"
        lsb.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/Lenna-grayscale.png",
            message_to_hide,
            generators.eratosthenes(),
        )
    @patch("builtins.input", return_value="n")
    def test_refuse_convert_rgb(self, input):
        message_to_hide = "Hello World!"
        # lsb.hide(
        #         "./tests/sample-files/Lenna-grayscale.png",
        #         message_to_hide,
        #         generators.eratosthenes(),
        #     )
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, "Not a RGB image."):
            lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Lenna-grayscale.png",
                message_to_hide,
                generators.eratosthenes(),
            )
    def test_with_location_of_image_as_argument(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["Hello World!"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            outputBytes = io.BytesIO()
            bytes_image = lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/20160505T130442.jpg",
                message,
                generators.identity(),
            )
            bytes_image.save(outputBytes, "PNG")
            outputBytes.seek(0)
            clear_message = lsb.reveal(outputBytes, generators.identity())
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_auto_convert_rgb(self):
        message_to_hide = "Hello World!"
        lsb.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/Lenna-grayscale.png",
            message_to_hide,
            generators.eratosthenes(),
            auto_convert_rgb=True,
        )
    def test_with_too_long_message(self):
        with open("./tests/sample-files/lorem_ipsum.txt") as f:
            message = f.read()
        message += message * 2
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
            Exception, "The message you want to hide is too long:"
        ):
            lsb.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message, generators.identity())
    def test_hide_and_reveal_with_bad_generator(self):
        message_to_hide = "Hello World!"
        secret = lsb.hide(
            "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message_to_hide, generators.eratosthenes()
        )
        secret.save("./image.png")
        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
            lsb.reveal("./image.png", generators.identity())
    def test_with_unknown_generator(self):
        message_to_hide = "Hello World!"
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            lsb.hide(
                "./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png",
                message_to_hide,
                generators.unknown_generator(),  # type: ignore
            )
    def tearDown(self):
        try:
            os.unlink("./image.png")
        except Exception:
            pass
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()
--- a/tests/test_red.py
+++ b/tests/test_red.py
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/05/19 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import os
 import unittest
 from stegano import red
 class TestRed(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_hide_empty_message(self):
        """
        Test hiding the empty string.
        """
        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
            red.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", "")
    def test_hide_and_reveal(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["a", "foo", "Hello World!", ":Python:"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            secret = red.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message)
            secret.save("./image.png")
            clear_message = red.reveal("./image.png")
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_with_too_long_message(self):
        with open("./tests/sample-files/lorem_ipsum.txt") as f:
            message = f.read()
        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
            red.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message)
    def tearDown(self):
        try:
            os.unlink("./image.png")
        except Exception:
            pass
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()
--- a/tests/test_steganalysis.py
+++ b/tests/test_steganalysis.py
@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2017  Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.9.4 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2019/06/06 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2019/06/06 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import unittest
 from PIL import Image, ImageChops
 from stegano import lsb
 from stegano.steganalysis import parity, statistics
 class TestSteganalysis(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_parity(self):
        """Test stegano.steganalysis.parity"""
        text_file_to_hide = "./tests/sample-files/lorem_ipsum.txt"
        with open(text_file_to_hide) as f:
            message = f.read()
        secret = lsb.hide("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png", message)
        analysis = parity.steganalyse(secret)
        target = Image.open("./tests/expected-results/parity.png")
        diff = ImageChops.difference(target, analysis).getbbox()
        self.assertTrue(diff is None)
    def test_parity_rgba(self):
        """Test that stegano.steganalysis.parity works with RGBA images"""
        img = Image.open("./tests/sample-files/transparent.png")
        analysis = parity.steganalyse(img)
        target = Image.open("./tests/expected-results/parity_rgba.png")
        diff = ImageChops.difference(target, analysis).getbbox()
        self.assertTrue(diff is None)
    def test_statistics(self):
        """Test stegano.steganalysis.statistics"""
        image = Image.open("./tests/sample-files/Lenna.png")
        stats = str(statistics.steganalyse(image)) + "\n"
        file = open("./tests/expected-results/statistics")
        target = file.read()
        file.close()
        self.assertEqual(stats, target)
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()
--- a/tests/test_tools.py
+++ b/tests/test_tools.py
@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2017/02/22 $"
 __revision__ = "$Date: 2017/02/22 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import unittest
 from stegano import tools
 class TestTools(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_a2bits(self):
        bits = tools.a2bits("Hello World!")
        self.assertEqual(
            bits,
            "010010000110010101101100011011000110111100100000010101110110111101110010011011000110010000100001",
        )
    def test_a2bits_list_UTF8(self):
        list_of_bits = tools.a2bits_list("Hello World!")
        self.assertEqual(
            list_of_bits,
            [
                "01001000",
                "01100101",
                "01101100",
                "01101100",
                "01101111",
                "00100000",
                "01010111",
                "01101111",
                "01110010",
                "01101100",
                "01100100",
                "00100001",
            ],
        )
    def test_a2bits_list_UTF32LE(self):
        list_of_bits = tools.a2bits_list("Hello World!", "UTF-32LE")
        self.assertEqual(
            list_of_bits,
            [
                "00000000000000000000000001001000",
                "00000000000000000000000001100101",
                "00000000000000000000000001101100",
                "00000000000000000000000001101100",
                "00000000000000000000000001101111",
                "00000000000000000000000000100000",
                "00000000000000000000000001010111",
                "00000000000000000000000001101111",
                "00000000000000000000000001110010",
                "00000000000000000000000001101100",
                "00000000000000000000000001100100",
                "00000000000000000000000000100001",
            ],
        )
    def test_n_at_a_time(self):
        result = tools.n_at_a_time([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 2, "X")
        self.assertEqual(list(result), [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, "X")])
    def test_binary2base64(self):
        with open("./tests/expected-results/binary2base64") as f:
            expected_value = f.read()
        value = tools.binary2base64("tests/sample-files/free-software-song.ogg")
        self.assertEqual(expected_value, value)
--- a/tests/test_wav.py
+++ b/tests/test_wav.py
@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Stegano - Stegano is a pure Python steganography module.
 # Copyright (C) 2010-2025 Cédric Bonhomme - https://www.cedricbonhomme.org
 #
 # For more information : https://github.com/cedricbonhomme/Stegano
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 # the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 # (at your option) any later version.
 #
 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 # GNU General Public License for more details.
 #
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
 __author__ = "Cedric Bonhomme"
 __version__ = "$Revision: 0.1 $"
 __date__ = "$Date: 2016/05/19 $"
 __license__ = "GPLv3"
 import os
 import unittest
 from stegano import wav
 class TestWav(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_hide_empty_message(self):
        """
        Test hiding the empty string.
        """
        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
            wav.hide("./tests/sample-files/free-software-song.wav", "", "./audio.wav")
    def test_hide_and_reveal(self):
        messages_to_hide = ["a", "foo", "Hello World!", ":Python:"]
        for message in messages_to_hide:
            wav.hide("./tests/sample-files/free-software-song.wav", message, "./audio.wav")
            clear_message = wav.reveal("./audio.wav")
            self.assertEqual(message, clear_message)
    def test_with_too_long_message(self):
        with open("./tests/sample-files/lorem_ipsum.txt") as f:
            message = f.read()
        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
            wav.hide("./tests/sample-files/free-software-song.wav", message, "./audio.wav")
    def tearDown(self):
        try:
            os.unlink("./audio.wav")
        except Exception:
            pass
 if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()
		`@ -1,256 +0,0 @@`
			`2`
			`5`
			`11`
			`22`
			`44`
			`88`
			`177`
			`99`
			`199`
			`143`
			`30`
			`61`
			`122`
			`244`
			`232`
			`208`
			`161`
			`67`
			`135`
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			`63`
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			`249`
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			`228`
			`200`
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			`10`
			`20`
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			`83`
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			`79`
			`159`
			`62`
			`125`
			`250`
			`245`
			`234`
			`213`
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			`174`
			`92`
			`184`
			`112`
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			`193`
			`131`
			`6`
			`12`
			`24`
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			`98`
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			`21`
			`43`
			`86`
			`172`
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			`179`
			`102`
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			`238`
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			`202`
			`149`
			`42`
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			`165`
			`74`
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			`40`
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			`45`
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			`206`
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			`231`
			`207`
			`158`
			`60`
			`120`
			`241`
			`227`
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			`141`
			`27`
			`54`
			`108`
			`216`
			`176`
			`97`
			`194`
			`132`
			`8`
			`17`
			`34`
			`69`
			`139`
			`23`
			`46`
			`93`
			`186`
			`117`
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			`215`
			`175`
			`94`
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			`123`
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			`237`
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			`240`
			`225`
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			`107`
			`214`
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			`106`
			`212`
			`168`
			`80`
			`160`
			`65`
			`130`
			`4`
			`9`
			`19`
			`39`
			`78`
			`157`
			`59`
			`118`
			`236`
			`217`
			`178`
			`100`
			`201`
			`146`
			`36`
			`73`
			`147`
			`38`
			`76`
			`152`
			`48`
			`96`
			`192`
			`129`
			`3`
			`7`
			`14`
			`29`
			`58`
			`116`
			`233`
			`210`
			`164`
			`72`
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			`35`
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			`28`
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			`16`
			`32`
			`64`
			`128`
			`1`
			`2`
		`@ -1,33 +0,0 @@`
			`561`
			`1105`
			`1729`
			`2465`
			`2821`
			`6601`
			`8911`
			`10585`
			`15841`
			`29341`
			`41041`
			`46657`
			`52633`
			`62745`
			`63973`
			`75361`
			`101101`
			`115921`
			`126217`
			`162401`
			`172081`
			`188461`
			`252601`
			`278545`
			`294409`
			`314821`
			`334153`
			`340561`
			`399001`
			`410041`
			`449065`
			`488881`
			`512461`
		`@ -1,114 +0,0 @@`
			`4`
			`6`
			`8`
			`9`
			`10`
			`12`
			`14`
			`15`
			`16`
			`18`
			`20`
			`21`
			`22`
			`24`
			`25`
			`26`
			`27`
			`28`
			`30`
			`32`
			`33`
			`34`
			`35`
			`36`
			`38`
			`39`
			`40`
			`42`
			`44`
			`45`
			`46`
			`48`
			`49`
			`50`
			`51`
			`52`
			`54`
			`55`
			`56`
			`57`
			`58`
			`60`
			`62`
			`63`
			`64`
			`65`
			`66`
			`68`
			`69`
			`70`
			`72`
			`74`
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			`76`
			`77`
			`78`
			`80`
			`81`
			`82`
			`84`
			`85`
			`86`
			`87`
			`88`
			`90`
			`91`
			`92`
			`93`
			`94`
			`95`
			`96`
			`98`
			`99`
			`100`
			`102`
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			`105`
			`106`
			`108`
			`110`
			`111`
			`112`
			`114`
			`115`
			`116`
			`117`
			`118`
			`119`
			`120`
			`121`
			`122`
			`123`
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			`144`
			`145`
			`146`
			`147`
			`148`
			`150`
		`@ -1,168 +0,0 @@`
			`2`
			`3`
			`5`
			`7`
			`11`
			`13`
			`17`
			`19`
			`23`
			`29`
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			`41`
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			`47`
			`53`
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			`373`
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			`661`
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			`677`
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			`691`
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			`709`
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			`727`
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			`739`
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			`751`
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			`773`
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			`797`
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			`811`
			`821`
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			`857`
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			`877`
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			`971`
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			`983`
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			`997`
		`@ -1 +0,0 @@`
			`([58, 56, 54, 57, 60, 59, 62, 61, 63, 65, 64, 66, 67, 254, 68, 69, 255, 70, 253, 71, 72, 74, 252, 73, 251, 250, 75, 249, 76, 77], [(224, 4327), (221, 4138), (223, 4057), (222, 3987), (225, 3713), (220, 3554), (209, 3516), (207, 3476), (208, 3424), (219, 3360)])`
		`@ -1,54 +0,0 @@`
			`0`
			`1`
			`3`
			`6`
			`10`
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			`45`
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			`300`
			`325`
			`351`
			`378`
			`406`
			`435`
			`465`
			`496`
			`528`
			`561`
			`595`
			`630`
			`666`
			`703`
			`741`
			`780`
			`820`
			`861`
			`903`
			`946`
			`990`
			`1035`
			`1081`
			`1128`
			`1176`
			`1225`
			`1275`
			`1326`
			`1378`
			`1431`